You can clear a city of its people. But you can’t clear away the cost

1. Ferdinand Marcos – ManilaMarcos cleared poor communities to impress foreigners, relocating families to distant, inadequate housing. The hardship and resentment helped spark the movement that overthrew him in 1986.2. Benito Mussolini – RomeMussolini demolished working-class districts for grand projects, displacing thousands and erasing communities. The empty, costly spaces fueled public disillusionment.3. Idi Amin – KampalaAmin’s mass evictions destroyed livelihoods and gutted local economies. The resentment weakened his rule, contributing to his 1979 overthrow. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit rejil.substack.com