Patrick Boyle

These classes are all based on the book Trading and Pricing Financial Derivatives, available on Amazon at this link. https://amzn.to/2WIoAL0 Check out our website http://www.onfinance.org/Follow Patrick on twitter here: https://twitter.com/PatrickEBoyleIf you're an options investor, you may have heard about "Greeks" but you may not know exactly what they are or what they can do for you. If so, watch this series of videos where Patrick Boyle explains what these Greek letters mean and how to use them to better understand the price of an option.What can option Greeks do for you?Using the Greeks, an options investor can make more informed decisions about which options to trade, and when to trade them. Consider some of the things Greeks may help you do:Gauge the likelihood that an option you're considering will expire in the money (Delta).Estimate how much the Delta will change when the stock price changes (Gamma).Get a feel for how much value your option might lose each day as it approaches expiration (Theta).Understand how sensitive an option might be to large price swings in the underlying stock (Vega).Simulate the effect of interest rate changes on an option (Rho).What are Greeks anyway?Greeks, including Delta, Gamma, Theta, Vega and Rho, measure the different factors that affect the price of an option contract. They are calculated using a theoretical options pricing model (see How much is an option worth?).Since there are a variety of market factors that can affect the price of an option in some way, assuming all other factors remain unchanged, we can use these pricing models to calculate the Greeks and determine the impact of each factor when its value changes. For example, if we know that an option typically moves less than the underlying stock, we can use Delta to determine how much it is expected to move when the stock moves $1. If we know that an option loses value over time, we can use Theta to approximate how much value it loses each day.what is delta gamma theta vega in options Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Thank you to Bilt for sponsoring this video! Start earning rewards on rent right now when you sign up at https://biltrewards.yt.link/MtRNXADDOGE promised to cut $2 trillion from the U.S. budget. Instead, it delivered chaos, memes, and a black eye—literally. In this video, we unpack Elon Musk’s candid post-mortem on the Department of Government Efficiency, why the savings never showed up, and how the “Manhattan Project of our time” turned into a bottle rocket. From the Wall of Receipts to the IRS meltdown and USAID’s woodchipper moment, we follow the money (and the missing billions) using Treasury data, Brookings analysis, and some jaw-dropping anecdotes. If you want the truth behind the headlines—and a few laughs along the way—this is the deep dive you’ve been waiting for.Patrick's Books:Statistics For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3eerLA0Derivatives For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3cjsyPFCorporate Finance: https://amzn.to/3fn3rvC Ways To Support The ChannelPatreon: https://www.patreon.com/PatrickBoyleOnFinanceBuy Me a Coffee: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/patrickboyleVisit our website: https://www.onfinance.orgFollow Patrick on Twitter Here: https://bsky.app/profile/pboyle.bsky.socialBusiness Inquiries ➡️ [email protected] Boyle On Finance Podcast:Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7uhrWlDvxzy9hLoW0EYf0bApple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/patrick-boyle-on-finance/id1547740313Google Podcasts: https://tinyurl.com/62862nveJoin this channel to support making this content:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCASM0cgfkJxQ1ICmRilfHLw/join Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

These classes are all based on the book Trading and Pricing Financial Derivatives, available on Amazon at this link. https://amzn.to/2WIoAL0 Check out our website http://www.onfinance.org/Follow Patrick on twitter here: https://twitter.com/PatrickEBoyleThe Black–Scholes or Black–Scholes–Merton model is a mathematical model for the dynamics of a financial market containing derivative investment instruments. From the partial differential equation in the model, known as the Black–Scholes equation, one can deduce the Black–Scholes formula, which gives a theoretical estimate of the price of European-style options and shows that the option has a unique price regardless of the risk of the security and its expected return. The formula led to a boom in options trading and is widely used, although often with adjustments and corrections, by options market participants.Based on works previously developed by academics and practitioners, such as Louis Bachelier and Ed Thorp among others, Fischer Black and Myron Scholes demonstrated in the late 1960s that a dynamic revision of a portfolio removes the expected return of the security, thus inventing the risk neutral argument. After three years of efforts, the formula was published in 1973 in an article entitled "The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities", in the Journal of Political Economy. Robert C. Merton was the first to publish a paper expanding the mathematical understanding of the options pricing model, and coined the term "Black–Scholes options pricing model". Merton and Scholes received the 1997 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for their work, the committee citing their discovery of the risk neutral dynamic revision as a breakthrough that separates the option from the risk of the underlying security. Although ineligible for the prize because of his death in 1995, Black was mentioned as a contributor by the Swedish Academy.The key idea behind the model is to hedge the option by buying and selling the underlying asset in in line with its delta and, as a consequence, to eliminate risk. This type of hedging is called "dynamic delta hedging" and is the basis of more complicated hedging strategies such as those engaged in by investment banks and hedge funds. The model's assumptions have been relaxed and generalized in many directions, leading to a plethora of models that are currently used in derivative pricing and risk management. It is the insights of the model, as exemplified in the Black–Scholes formula, that are frequently used by market participants, as distinguished from the actual prices. These insights include no-arbitrage bounds and risk-neutral pricing. Further, the Black–Scholes equation, a partial differential equation that governs the price of the option, enables pricing using numerical methods when an explicit formula is not possible. The Black–Scholes formula has only one parameter that cannot be directly observed in the market: the average future volatility of the underlying asset, but this can be backed out from the price of other options. In this video we learn about the model, the assumptions required for the model and about what goes in to it.We also learn about Implied volatility and the VIX Index. The VIX Index is a calculation designed to produce a measure of constant, 30-day expected volatility of the U.S. stock market, derived from real-time, mid-quote prices of S&P 500® Index (SPXSM) call and put options. On a global basis, it is one of the most recognized measures of volatility -- widely reported by financial media and closely followed by a variety of market participants as a daily market indicator.pricing options using black scholes mertonSubscribe so that you can see future videos on this topic, Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

🔒 Get 20% off DeleteMe by going to https://joindeleteme.com/BOYLE and use code BOYLE to protect your privacy! 🙌🏻Three years ago, the global auto industry was gripped by a collective hallucination. CEOs promised us that the internal combustion engine would be dead by 2035 and that legacy automakers were just one battery factory away from a trillion-dollar valuation.That narrative has now collided with economic reality.In this video, we analyze the collapse of the "inevitability" narrative. We look at why Ford has been forced to take a staggering $19.5 billion write-down, why the European Union is quietly dismantling its own petrol ban, and why—despite billions in subsidies—automakers are still losing $6,000 on every electric vehicle they sell.We examine how the industry confused a political project with consumer demand, leading to a market where the cars are too expensive for the middle class and too unprofitable for the manufacturers.Patrick's Books:Statistics For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3eerLA0Derivatives For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3cjsyPFCorporate Finance: https://amzn.to/3fn3rvC Ways To Support The ChannelPatreon: https://www.patreon.com/PatrickBoyleOnFinanceBuy Me a Coffee: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/patrickboyleVisit our website: https://www.onfinance.orgFollow Patrick on Twitter Here: https://bsky.app/profile/pboyle.bsky.socialBusiness Inquiries ➡️ [email protected] Boyle On Finance Podcast:Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7uhrWlDvxzy9hLoW0EYf0bApple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/patrick-boyle-on-finance/id1547740313Google Podcasts: https://tinyurl.com/62862nveJoin this channel to support making this content:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCASM0cgfkJxQ1ICmRilfHLw/join Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

These classes are all based on the book Trading and Pricing Financial Derivatives, available on Amazon at this link. https://amzn.to/2WIoAL0 Check out our website http://www.onfinance.org/Follow Patrick on twitter here: https://twitter.com/PatrickEBoylePeople are often confused as to when it makes sense to exercise an option. Most of the time it does not make sense to early exercise American options. In this video we go through the scenarios where it might make sense.For an American-style call option, early exercise is a possibility whenever the benefits of being long the underlying outweighs the cost of giving up the option early (the benefits of being long the underlying outweigh the foregone time value of the option). For example, on the day before an ex-dividend date, it may make sense to exercise an equity call option early in order to collect the dividend. In general, equity call options should only be exercised early on the day before an ex-dividend date, and then only for deep in-the-money options when the dividend is sufficiently large For an American-style put option, early exercise might make sense if it is deep in-the-money. In this case, it may be wise to exercise the option early in order to obtain the intrinsic value (K – S) earlier so that it can start to earn interest immediately. This is somewhat more likely to be worthwhile if there is no ex-dividend date, which would probably cause the price of the underlying to fall further between now and the expiry date. This would usually require interest rates to be relatively high.When should I exercise an option? Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

These classes are all based on the book Trading and Pricing Financial Derivatives, available on Amazon at this link. https://amzn.to/2WIoAL0 Check out our website http://www.onfinance.org/Follow Patrick on twitter here: https://twitter.com/PatrickEBoyle Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Get a complete picture of the news on your phone or tablet by downloading the Straight Arrow News app.Go to https://www.san.com/pboyle to check it out. When you visit, you not only support me, but you also take advantage of a better way to get the news. Welcome back to trustworthy journalism.The first two batches of the Epstein files have finally been released, and the revelations are explosive. For decades, the media and the justice system ignored the most basic question: Who helped him? Now, thanks to thousands of pages of newly released DOJ documents, we know that there were the co-conspirators. In this video, we look through the latest evidence to expose the network of co-conspirators and high-powered enablers who made Jeffrey Epstein’s crimes possible. We go beyond the headlines to reveal the specific individuals—from Ghislaine Maxwell to banking titans like Jes Staley—who were far closer to Epstein’s operation than they ever admitted.We break down the bombshell New York Times investigation that dismantles the myth of Epstein's "financial genius" and uncover the bipartisan cover-up that kept these files buried for 40 years. From Donald Trump’s newly revealed flight logs to Bill Clinton’s White House connections, we show how a "two-tier" justice system worked to protect the powerful at the expense of the truth.@nytimes article: https://www.nytimes.com/2025/12/16/magazine/jeffrey-epstein-money-scams-investigation.htmlPatrick's Books:Statistics For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3eerLA0Derivatives For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3cjsyPFCorporate Finance: https://amzn.to/3fn3rvC Ways To Support The ChannelPatreon: https://www.patreon.com/PatrickBoyleOnFinanceBuy Me a Coffee: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/patrickboyleVisit our website: https://www.onfinance.orgFollow Patrick on Twitter Here: https://bsky.app/profile/pboyle.bsky.socialBusiness Inquiries ➡️ [email protected] Boyle On Finance Podcast:Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7uhrWlDvxzy9hLoW0EYf0bApple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/patrick-boyle-on-finance/id1547740313Google Podcasts: https://tinyurl.com/62862nveJoin this channel to support making this content:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCASM0cgfkJxQ1ICmRilfHLw/join Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

These classes are all based on the book Trading and Pricing Financial Derivatives, available on Amazon at this link. https://amzn.to/2WIoAL0 Check out our website http://www.onfinance.org/Follow Patrick on twitter here: https://twitter.com/PatrickEBoyleThis is the sixth video in our series on pricing options, to watch the whole series as a playlist, click here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LHaftRA2N8A&list=PLHC72UlhAthDq-s_jRepKDrsaeGDU3PaJOptions on Dividend Paying UnderlyingsFor an American-style call option, early exercise can make sense whenever the benefits of being long the underlying outweighs the cost of giving up the option early (the benefits of being long the underlying outweigh the foregone time value of the option). For example, on the day before an ex-dividend date, it may make sense to exercise an equity call option early in order to collect the dividend. In general, equity call options should only be exercised early on the day before an ex-dividend date, and then only for deep in-the-money options when the dividend is sufficiently large. Todays video illustrates a scenario where a dividend of $2.50 per share is expected to be paid immediately prior to expiration of an option. Call option holders, though holding "bullish" or "long" positions with respect to the underlying asset, are not eligible to collect dividends paid on the underlyings. Therefore, if a long American call option holder expects at T0 and at T1 that a dividend will be paid on the underlying stock just prior to the option's maturity at T2, they can evaluate whether or not it is optimal to early-exercise. Analyzing potential early exercise at T0 shows there is no benefit to early exercising since the option is not in-the-money. At T1, the up node is in-the-money, the American call holder evaluates if holding or early-exercising is optimal. Early-exercising has a value at T1 in the up node of $3.00 ($30 share price less $30 strike). Using the European options binomial tree pricing formula fu in the up node, the call option is valued at only $2.73. This valuation difference came about because the expected value of the spot at T2 is reduced by $2.50 just prior to expiration. This dividend payment is of sufficient size, in this case (it is not always optimal to early-exercise on dividend-paying stocks, prior to expiration, it depends on the relative size of the dividend), that the underlying asset's price drop due to the dividend payment makes early-exercise the optimal strategy. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Get an exclusive 15% discount on Saily data plans! Use code BOYLE at checkout. Download Saily app or go to https://saily.com/boyleTwo days after its release, my analysis of the Epstein files was on track to break every record on this channel. Then the yellow dollar sign appeared, and the video flatlined.In this video, we explore how algorithmic demonetization has evolved into a form of "soft censorship." It isn't a conspiracy, but a broken business model that taxes serious journalism in favor of "brand safe" entertainment. We look back at the Logan Paul "Adpocalypse," examine the structural bias against independent creators, and analyze the alarming decline of U.S. Press Freedom (now ranked #57 globally).From the missing footage in Epstein's cell to the 2020 spike in journalist arrests, we ask the hard question: If the algorithm filters out the "boring" work of holding power to account, does YouTube cease to be a digital public square?Link to the Demonetized videos:https://youtu.be/GAJf2F1BbRA?si=pocxFNV33xXlANqohttps://youtu.be/MG95B0fyuWI?si=ULY-lTHAzqqkAYq2 @VloggingThroughHistory video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SnPrVn24dTEPatrick's Books:Statistics For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3eerLA0Derivatives For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3cjsyPFCorporate Finance: https://amzn.to/3fn3rvC Ways To Support The ChannelPatreon: https://www.patreon.com/PatrickBoyleOnFinanceBuy Me a Coffee: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/patrickboyleVisit our website: https://www.onfinance.orgFollow Patrick on Twitter Here: https://bsky.app/profile/pboyle.bsky.socialBusiness Inquiries ➡️ [email protected] Boyle On Finance Podcast:Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7uhrWlDvxzy9hLoW0EYf0bApple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/patrick-boyle-on-finance/id1547740313Google Podcasts: https://tinyurl.com/62862nveJoin this channel to support making this content:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCASM0cgfkJxQ1ICmRilfHLw/join Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

These classes are all based on the book Trading and Pricing Financial Derivatives, available on Amazon at this link. https://amzn.to/2WIoAL0 Check out our website http://www.onfinance.org/Follow Patrick on twitter here: https://twitter.com/PatrickEBoyleThis is the fifth video in our series on pricing options. The whole series is collected as a playlist here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LHaftRA2N8A&list=PLHC72UlhAthDq-s_jRepKDrsaeGDU3PaJIf you are new to options pricing and binomial trees it might make sense to watch some of the other videos first.Binomial Trees and American OptionsAmerican options can be exercised anytime up to maturity, as opposed to European options which can only be exercised at maturity. Binomial trees can be used to price American options with the only modification needed is to evaluate at each node as to whether there is more value associated with exercising or holding the option to expiration. The highest of these two values is used in calculating the option value. In the two-step American binomial tree valuation shown in this video, we are using the same example as in our last video but with the option now American. In this case, at T1 it would be optimal to early-exercise. Thus the valuation at the first down node is in fact the early-exercise valuation, which is the intrinsic value at that node, as opposed to the valuation achieved from the risk-neutral valuation for fd. At time zero, the valuation of the derivative is based on fu as usual, but the fd value input into the formula for f is the early exercise cash flow.To watch the video where we priced the same put option, but as a European option, click here. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nN4tOYVqf9oPricing American Options using the Binomial Tree Methodmulti step binomial trees Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

👉🏻 To try everything Brilliant has to offer for free for a full 30 days, visit https://brilliant.org/patrick/. You’ll also get 20% off an annual premium subscription.Last week, the White House decided to pivot from "America First" to "America Everywhere." It began on Saturday morning with a 150-aircraft military strike to serve what Secretary of State Marco Rubio described as a "routine law enforcement warrant"—proving once and for all that if you have a large enough aircraft carrier, every parking ticket is technically a tactical operation.In this video, we look at the internal contradictions of the new "Donroe Doctrine," a policy that treats international borders as suggested boundaries and sovereign nations as distressed assets. We explore why the plan to "take the oil" faces a minor mathematical hurdle: according to Rystad Energy, 60% of Venezuela's production projects require an oil price of $80 per barrel just to break even. This makes the administration's plan to lower gas prices by flooding the market with oil a bit like trying to save money on your commute by buying a fleet of private jets.We also look at the high-profile residents currently moving into the Metropolitan Detention Center in Brooklyn, why the "ultimate sin" in modern diplomacy is keeping your own Nobel Peace Prize, and why the Danish government is currently checking its lease agreement on Greenland after being told the U.S. is interested in a "hard way" to close the deal.Patrick's Books:Statistics For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3eerLA0Derivatives For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3cjsyPFCorporate Finance: https://amzn.to/3fn3rvC Ways To Support The ChannelPatreon: https://www.patreon.com/PatrickBoyleOnFinanceBuy Me a Coffee: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/patrickboyleVisit our website: https://www.onfinance.orgFollow Patrick on Twitter Here: https://bsky.app/profile/pboyle.bsky.socialBusiness Inquiries ➡️ [email protected] Boyle On Finance Podcast:Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7uhrWlDvxzy9hLoW0EYf0bApple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/patrick-boyle-on-finance/id1547740313Google Podcasts: https://tinyurl.com/62862nveJoin this channel to support making this content:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCASM0cgfkJxQ1ICmRilfHLw/join Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

These classes are all based on the book Trading and Pricing Financial Derivatives, available on Amazon at this link. https://amzn.to/2WIoAL0 Check out our website http://www.onfinance.org/Follow Patrick on twitter here: https://twitter.com/PatrickEBoyleThe ideas we developed for a single-period binomial model also apply to a multi-period approach. In this video we will look at a two-step, or two time-period binomial tree. In this framework the stock price must follow one of four patterns. For the two periods, the stock can go up-up, up-down, down-up, or down-down. At the moment, we are assuming fixed down and up percentages, the down-up and up-down paths will end with the same final stock price (but you will later see that this restriction is not required, the valuation approach is more flexible than this).Binomial trees can be used for valuing puts or calls. Consider a two step binomial tree, with each step one year long where at each node the stock moves up or down 20% and the risk-free rate is 5%. Suppose the stock price is now $20 and that we will try to value a put with a strike of $20.You work from right to left, backward in time, valuing the option node by node, first calculating fu and fd using the above formulas, then value f using the formula.Now that we have looked at a two-period binomial tree, you can easily see that we can, using the same formulas, produce binomial trees with as many nodes as we want. The more periods that we add, the more realistic our model becomes. A binomial tree with just 20 periods gives more than a million stock price movement patterns.Clearly working out a series of one-second node one-penny price movement binomial trees would take quite a while, but it is easy to code the approach on your computer, and it is virtually unlimited as to how many nodes you can add. The binomial model assumes that movements in the price follow a binomial distribution. If you increase the number of nodes, and are modeling the stock price evolution over a very short period of time, you begin to approach a very realistic share price trajectory. Each node could be one second in duration, and show the stock’s expected price moves of, as an example, up one penny or down one penny. This begins to approximate real-life stock price movements quite accurately.At each second during a trading day, it is fairly realistic to assume that a $20 stock will increase or decrease by as little as $0.01 or $0.02. As you increase the number of nodes, this binomial distribution approaches the lognormal distribution assumed by Black–Scholes (see that video).When analyzed as a numerical procedure, the Cox, Ross, and Rubinstein binomial method can be viewed as a special case of the explicit finite difference method for the Black-Scholes partial differential equation. The binomial tree approach is very flexible, and can take into account dividends, early exercise opportunities, and even different distributions of stock price movements over the time to maturity of the derivative being valued. This means that you could model low volatility periods of stock price movements, and then higher volatility periods for the stock—perhaps around their earnings announcements—over the duration of an option’s life. Although computationally slower than the Black–Scholes formula, it is more accurate, particularly for longer-dated options on securities with dividend payments. For these reasons, various versions of the binomial model are widely used by practitioners in the options markets. For options with several sources of uncertainty and for options with complicated features, binomial methods can be less practical due to several difficulties, at which point Monte Carlo option models are used instead. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

If you are curious and want to try it yourself, Tailor Store is offering 25% off your order for my viewers. Use my link https://www.tailorstore.com/patrickboyle so you can take a look whenever it suits you.In a highly unusual move - the Department of Justice has opened a criminal investigation into Federal Reserve chair Jerome Powell. As America faces a high-stakes standoff over the future of the Federal Reserve, the traditional independence of the nation’s central bank is under direct attack. This video explores the intensifying war between the White House and Fed Chair, over a $2.5 billion headquarters renovation. We break down why many experts believe this probe is a mere pretext intended to bully the Fed into slashing interest rates to rock-bottom levels, potentially putting the long-term stability of the U.S. economy at risk for short-term political gains.We also take a closer look at the "agents of chaos" Bill Pulte, Judge Jeanine Pirro and the "shadow" economic strategies currently in play, from the FHFA’s controversial bond-buying programs to the proposed 10% cap on credit card interest rates. From the strategic blockade in the Senate by Senator Thom Tillis to the "Miran Limbo" on the Fed’s Board of Governors, we unpack the technical and political maneuvers being used to bypass Jerome Powell. Is the U.S. headed toward a "banana republic" risk premium, or can its institutional guardrails hold firm? Join us as we examine the true price of a political Fed and what it means for the future of the dollar.Patrick's Books:Statistics For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3eerLA0Derivatives For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3cjsyPFCorporate Finance: https://amzn.to/3fn3rvC Ways To Support The ChannelPatreon: https://www.patreon.com/PatrickBoyleOnFinanceBuy Me a Coffee: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/patrickboyleVisit our website: https://www.onfinance.orgFollow Patrick on Twitter Here: https://bsky.app/profile/pboyle.bsky.socialBusiness Inquiries ➡️ [email protected] Boyle On Finance Podcast:Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7uhrWlDvxzy9hLoW0EYf0bApple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/patrick-boyle-on-finance/id1547740313Google Podcasts: https://tinyurl.com/62862nveJoin this channel to support making this content:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCASM0cgfkJxQ1ICmRilfHLw/join Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

These classes are all based on the book Trading and Pricing Financial Derivatives, available on Amazon at this link. https://amzn.to/2WIoAL0 Check out our website http://www.onfinance.org/Follow Patrick on twitter here: https://twitter.com/PatrickEBoyleIn finance, the binomial options pricing model provides a generalizable numerical method for the valuation of options. The binomial model was first proposed by Cox, Ross and Rubinstein in 1979, six years after the Black Scholes model. Essentially, the model uses a "discrete-time" (lattice based) model of the varying price over time of the underlying financial instrument.The Binomial options pricing model approach has been widely used since it is able to handle a variety of conditions for which other models cannot easily be applied. This is largely because the model is based on a description of an underlying instrument over a period of time rather than a single point in time. As a consequence, it is used to value American options that are exercisable at any time in a given interval as well as Bermudan options that are exercisable at specific instances of time. Being relatively simple, the model is readily implementable in computer software or even in spreadsheets like Excel. Although computationally slower than the Black–Scholes formula, it is more accurate, particularly for longer-dated options on securities with dividend payments. For these reasons, various versions of the binomial model are widely used by practitioners in the options markets.The Risk-Neutral Binomial Tree ApproachThe concept of a portfolio made up of some portion of stock and some portion of a derivative on that stock gives rise to the ability to generate equivalent cash flows at end nodes of binomial trees, and this certainty of cash flows allows us to discount the cash flows at the risk-free rate. The ability to discount cash flows in the future at a known risk-free rate gives us the concept of risk-neutral valuation. Risk neutral valuation is a powerful concept in derivatives pricing which enables valuation of assets based on their expected payoffs at different points in time and with different scenarios of underlying asset price movements. Risk-neutral valuation is applicable whenever you can create a portfolio including the underlying plus a derivative on the same underlying. It cannot be extrapolated to find the value of derivatives on other underlyings. It relies on the portfolio instruments having a level of dependency on one another.This model is very flexible and powerful because we don’t need to know the real probability of the upside scenario, or the real likelihood of the downside economic scenario—it is not required to maintain our certainty of cash flows at the end point. An easy mistake to make is to confuse this constructed probability distribution with real-world probability. They will be different, but the method of risk-neutral pricing is, like many other useful computational tools, convenient and powerful. The approach of risk-neutral valuation makes sense for valuation purposes but only works when all of the instruments included in the valuation model depend on the same underlying and thus are exposed to the same risks, though held in different proportions. We are pricing the option in terms of the underlying stock, thus risk preferences are taken into account in the pricing of the underlying. The risk-neutral binomial tree approach is mathematically equivalent to the portfolio approach previously covered, and gives us the exact same valuation. The risk neutral binomial tree valuation approach to value the derivative, f, is as follows.With some algebra, you can show that the risk-neutral formula is mathematically equivalent to the portfolio approach where  of shares is calculated to generate riskless outcomes at maturity, T.Although we are not making any assumptio Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Click the link below to get started with Genspark and lock in unlimited access for all of 2026.https://www.genspark.ai/?utm_source=yt&utm_campaign=PBoyleGenspark includes unlimited usage of AI Chat and AI Image in 2026 — with top models available inside these features, including Nano Banana Pro, GPT Image, Flux, Seedream, Gemini 3 Pro, GPT-5.2, Claude Opus 4.5, and more. @GensparkProduct #Genspark #WorkwithGensparkThe recent Greenland crisis at Davos 2026 has shattered transatlantic trust, forcing Europe to confront a terrifying new reality: the need for strategic autonomy from the United States. Faced with what it views as transactional coercion, Brussels is readying an arsenal of economic countermeasures, ranging from a "trade bazooka" targeting U.S. tech firms to the highly publicized "financial nuclear option"—the threat of dumping trillions in U.S. Treasuries. But before we panic about a bond market collapse, we need to examine the hard financial realities: Is weaponizing sovereign debt a viable strategy, or is it merely a macroeconomic suicide pact? This video dives into the mechanics of this potential economic war and the high cost of moving from an era of global efficiency to one of fearful autarkyMichael Pettis Paper: https://carnegieendowment.org/china-financial-markets/2025/07/foreign-capital-inflows-dont-lower-us-interest-ratesMartin Wolf Article: https://www.ft.com/content/e2c8c6c3-0cdc-4aa8-a47d-399407c75ad9Richard Samans Paper: https://www.brookings.edu/articles/rebalancing-the-world-economy-right-idea-but-wrong-approach/Patrick's Books:Statistics For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3eerLA0Derivatives For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3cjsyPFCorporate Finance: https://amzn.to/3fn3rvC Ways To Support The ChannelPatreon: https://www.patreon.com/PatrickBoyleOnFinanceBuy Me a Coffee: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/patrickboyleVisit our website: https://www.onfinance.orgFollow Patrick on Twitter Here: https://bsky.app/profile/pboyle.bsky.socialBusiness Inquiries ➡️ [email protected] Boyle On Finance Podcast:Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7uhrWlDvxzy9hLoW0EYf0bApple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/patrick-boyle-on-finance/id1547740313Google Podcasts: https://tinyurl.com/62862nveJoin this channel to support making this content:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCASM0cgfkJxQ1ICmRilfHLw/join Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

How to Price Options using a Binomial Tree. The portfolio approach.These classes are all based on the book Trading and Pricing Financial Derivatives, available on Amazon at this link. https://amzn.to/2WIoAL0 Check out our website http://www.onfinance.org/Follow Patrick on twitter here: https://twitter.com/PatrickEBoyleThe Binomial Tree approach to options pricing involves constructing a diagram of the possible paths of the stock price over the life of the option and then calculating the present value of the final cash flows to determine the current option price.We will start with a simplified view of the world and explain the approach, then we will slowly adjust the model to make it more and more realistic.The Portfolio ApproachFor our first example we will start with an underlying that has a price of $50, and we know at the end of three months that the underlying will be at one of two prices, either $70 or $30 (this "foreknowledge" is in fact a very big assumption, but stay with us for a while and we will improve this admittedly hugely unrealistic assumption). We will price a European Call with a strike of $50, and one month to expiration. The only additional piece of information that we need in order to solve this problem is the interest rate, which we will set at 5%. The first step is to draw our tree putting in the spot price S0, the two ending prices of the underlying at T ST and the value of the call at expiration given the two ending prices c. If we know with certainty (a big assumption) that there are only two outcomes for the stock price at T and we assume that no arbitrages are freely available in marketplaces (a much better assumption) we can set up a portfolio of S and the derivative c on that same underlying where there is no uncertainty about valuations at T maturity.The portfolio will be some amount (delta) of S and short one call option c. If we set the two portfolios as equal and solve for delta The portfolio is riskless if there is a value for delta where the two portfolios have an identical value at maturity in all possible scenarios. In either case above, the portfolio at expiration is worth $15. Because this portfolio is riskless we can discount it at the risk free rate (5%) for one months (1/12 of a year) to find the present value of the portfolio. So far, we have found the interesting result that if we know the two next possible steps in an underlying assets price and we know the risk free interest rate we can price a derivative. The only problem we have is that our first assumption is quite unrealistic, but as you will see, we can keep working with this approach and make more reasonable assumptions as the chapter progresses.NotationAs we move forward with binomial valuations, we will always be assuming a portfolio at each node knowing that some value for delta makes the portfolios equivalent at time T. It is important to note that we are not valuing the option in absolute terms. We are calculating its value as implied by the price and volatility of the underlying and the risk free rate. The probabilities of up and down movements are already incorporated in these prices and we don’t need to take them into account again when pricing the option which is based on the stock. All of our methods of valuing derivatives share this approach. People's expected returns for underlyings are irrelevant in this calculation, as all we are saying is that assuming the price for the underlying is X, then Y is the only fair price for the option, any other price would allow for arbitrage opportunities between the price of the underlying and the derivative.Watch tomorrows video to learn the risk neutral approach to pricing binomial trees. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Check out Cape and use code PBOYLE33 to get 33% off your first six months ➡️ https://www.cape.co/?utm_source=creators&utm_platform=youtube&utm_campaign=patrickboyleOn January 22, 2026, TikTok officially became an "American" company. The $14 billion deal, brokered by a consortium of politically connected investors, was supposed to end the years of national security concerns and protect the data of 170 million US users. Instead, the new TikTok USDS Joint Venture has stumbled out of the gate with a series of "technical glitches" that look suspiciously like targeted censorship. From the inexplicable blocking of the word "Epstein" in direct messages to the suppression of protest videos in Minneapolis, the new management’s first week has raised a troubling question: did we actually solve the problem of algorithmic manipulation, or did we just ensure that the people doing the manipulating are the ones who helped broker the deal?This video examines the bizarre political U-turn that turned TikTok from a national emergency into a sweetheart deal for insiders. We look at the new owners, the incredibly invasive "biometric harvesting" hidden in the new Terms of Service, and the "Rational Business Actor" theory that suggests no company would be dumb enough to break its own product on day one. We also explore the "Mecha-Hitler" problem of content moderation, and why the "National Security" label may now be acting as a permanent shield against transparency for a platform that is now 100% domestic, 100% private, and perhaps, 100% MAGA.Patrick's Books:Statistics For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3eerLA0Derivatives For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3cjsyPFCorporate Finance: https://amzn.to/3fn3rvC Ways To Support The ChannelPatreon: https://www.patreon.com/PatrickBoyleOnFinanceBuy Me a Coffee: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/patrickboyleVisit our website: https://www.onfinance.orgFollow Patrick on Twitter Here: https://bsky.app/profile/pboyle.bsky.socialBusiness Inquiries ➡️ [email protected] Boyle On Finance Podcast:Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7uhrWlDvxzy9hLoW0EYf0bApple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/patrick-boyle-on-finance/id1547740313Google Podcasts: https://tinyurl.com/62862nveJoin this channel to support making this content:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCASM0cgfkJxQ1ICmRilfHLw/join Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Financial Options Pricing History. Today we will learn How do Investors Price Options?These classes are all based on the book Trading and Pricing Financial Derivatives, available on Amazon at this link. https://amzn.to/2WIoAL0 Check out our website http://www.onfinance.org/Follow Patrick on twitter here: https://twitter.com/PatrickEBoyleUp to now we have looked at how options work and how they can be combined. We have mentioned options premium and how it is made up of time value and intrinsic value. In this video we will look at a few of the most common methods for pricing options. The value of options depends on a number of different variables in addition to the value of the underlying asset. They are complex to value and there are many pricing models in use. All models essentially incorporate the concepts of rational pricing, intrinsic value, time value, and put-call parity. In this video we will give you some insight as to how different variables affect option prices, and we hope to show you that while these methods are extremely useful, they are quite fallible, and can only give you an indication of fair value that is extremely dependent on the inputs into the formulas. The old “garbage in, garbage out” adage is particularly applicable to derivatives valuation—and most of financial mathematics. The formulas we will look at are only as good as the numbers that are put into them and often rely on a number of assumptions that do not always hold up in live securities market trading. They all rely on an estimate of volatility, and on an assumed distribution, that cannot be known in advance.In general, standard option valuation models depend on the following factors:• The current market price of the underlying security• The strike price of the option• The cost of holding a position in the underlying security, including interest and dividends• The time to expiration together with any restrictions on when exercise may occur• An estimate of the future volatility of the underlying security’s price over the life of the option.Options, or option-like contracts have been around for hundreds of years. Only in the 1970s was a formal pricing model introduced..Options contracts are very similar to insurance contracts, and so most of the ideas used to price them came from the insurance business. As early as 1350 in Palermo, insurance contracts were common for casualty and credit risks relating to shipping. The two kinds of insurance were often being written separately. A popular contract was a conditional sale (similar to a put option) where the insurer agreed to purchase ship or cargo if it failed to arrive.Louis Bachelier (1870–1946) was a French mathematician credited with being the first person to model the stochastic process now called Brownian motion, which was part of his PhD thesis “The Theory of Speculation,” published in 1900. His thesis, which discussed the use of Brownian motion to evaluate stock options, is historically the first paper to use advanced mathematics in the study of finance. Thus, Bachelier is considered a pioneer in the study of financial mathematics and stochastic processes. Bachelier’s thesis was not well received because it attempted to apply mathematics to an unfamiliar area for mathematicians. We know the fair value of an options contract at expiration based upon the payoff diagrams, and we know that options are worth more than their value at expiration before the expiration date due to time value.Option value = Intrinsic value + Time valueBefore mathematical formulas existed for pricing options we knew that the fair value of options was higher than intrinsic value, as there was still time for the underlying to move in your favor, but not how much higher the price should be. Option prices, like all market prices, were just a capital weighted average of every market participant’s best gu Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn for free on Brilliant for a full 30 days, visit https://brilliant.org/patrick/ or scan the QR code on screen. Brilliant’s also given our viewers 20% off an annual Premium subscription, which gives you unlimited daily access to everything on Brilliant.In today’s video, we examine the aftermath of the massive January 2026 data dump—three million pages of Jeffrey Epstein’s investigative files that the Department of Justice maintains contain no incriminating “client list”. We dive into the “Social Ponzi Scheme” that enabled decades of abuse, exploring the suspicious real estate transfers, cryptocurrency custodian links, and the international criminal probes that are currently toppling political giants across the globe. From the high-level PR strategies of the “Wall Street Renaissance Man” to the harrowing evidence of a eugenics-obsessed operation, we explore why this long-awaited transparency should not be confused with actual justice. As it turns out, when the powerful retreat into “vast carelessness,” it is often because they have spent years building a system designed to silence the questions they cannot answer.@2lazy2tryYT Video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KT9td3FJxj8&t=68sPatrick's Books:Statistics For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3eerLA0Derivatives For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3cjsyPFCorporate Finance: https://amzn.to/3fn3rvC Ways To Support The ChannelPatreon: https://www.patreon.com/PatrickBoyleOnFinanceBuy Me a Coffee: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/patrickboyleVisit our website: https://www.onfinance.orgFollow Patrick on Twitter Here: https://bsky.app/profile/pboyle.bsky.socialBusiness Inquiries ➡️ [email protected] Boyle On Finance Podcast:Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7uhrWlDvxzy9hLoW0EYf0bApple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/patrick-boyle-on-finance/id1547740313Google Podcasts: https://tinyurl.com/62862nveJoin this channel to support making this content:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCASM0cgfkJxQ1ICmRilfHLw/join Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Today we learn about what a warrant is in finance and what a warrant is in debt.These classes are all based on the book Trading and Pricing Financial Derivatives, available on Amazon at this link. https://amzn.to/2WIoAL0 Check out our website http://www.onfinance.org/Follow Patrick on twitter here: https://twitter.com/PatrickEBoylePatreon Page: https://www.patreon.com/PatrickBoyleOnFinanceIn finance, a warrant is a security that gives the owner the right but not the obligation to buy the underlying stock of the issuing company at a fixed price called exercise price until the expiry date. Warrants and options are similar in that the two contractual financial instruments allow the holder special rights to buy securities. Both are discretionary and have expiration dates. The word warrant simply means to "endow with the right", which is only slightly different from the meaning of option. Warrants are sometimes attached to bonds or preferred stock as a sweetener, allowing the issuer to pay lower interest rates or dividends. They can be used to enhance the yield of the bond and make them more attractive to potential buyers. Warrants can also be used in private equity deals. Frequently, these warrants are detachable and can be sold independently of the bond or stock. In the case of warrants issued with preferred stocks, stockholders may need to detach and sell the warrant before they can receive dividend payments. Thus, it is sometimes beneficial to detach and sell a warrant as soon as possible so the investor can earn dividends. Warrants are actively traded in some financial markets such as German Stock Exchange (Deutsche Börse) and Hong Kong. Warrants are very similar to call options. For instance, many warrants confer the same rights as equity options and warrants often can be traded in secondary markets like options. However, there also are several key differences between warrants and equity options: Warrants are issued by private parties, typically the corporation on which a warrant is based, rather than a public options exchange.Warrants issued by the company itself are dilutive. When the warrant issued by the company is exercised, the company issues new shares of stock, so the number of outstanding shares increases. When a call option is exercised, the owner of the call option receives an existing share from an assigned call writer (except in the case of employee stock options, where new shares are created and issued by the company upon exercise). Unlike common stock shares outstanding, warrants do not have voting rights.Warrants are considered over the counter instruments and thus are usually only traded by financial institutions with the capacity to settle and clear these types of transactions.A warrant's lifetime is measured in years (as long as 15 years), while options are typically measured in months. Even LEAPS (long-term equity anticipation securities), the longest stock options available, tend to expire in two or three years. Upon expiration, the warrants are worthless unless the price of the common stock is greater than the exercise price.Warrants are not standardized like exchange-listed options. While investors can write stock options on the ASX (or CBOE), they are not permitted to do so with ASX-listed warrants, since only companies can issue warrants and, while each option contract is over 1000 underlying ordinary shares (100 on CBOE), the number of warrants that must be exercised by the holder to buy the underlying asset depends on the conversion ratio set out in the offer documentation for the warrant issue. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Get an exclusive 15% discount on Saily data plans! Use code BOYLE at checkout. Download Saily app or go to https://saily.com/boyleThe February 2026 release of unredacted Epstein files is finally revealing a stark reality: while billionaire CEOs are losing their jobs overseas within hours of being unmasked, the U.S. security apparatus is still actively covering up for the "Epstein Class." This video dives de into the congressional revelation of the "protected six," exposing the truth behind Leslie Wexner's secret $100 million settlement and the disturbing "torture video" emails that immediately toppled the CEO of DP World. We analyze why the FBI is still hiding crucial investigation files—like the 302 victim statements—while Ghislaine Maxwell receives a mysterious prison upgrade and offers conditional testimony. The names are finally out, but as this investigation proves, the cover-up is far from over.In this video we ask who are: Les Wexner and Sultan Ahmed bin Sulayem. Since the video was released after being questioned by The Guardian - the Department of Justice said that four of the men have no connection to Epstein whatsoever, but rather appeared in a photo lineup assembled by the southern district of New York (SDNY). https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2026/feb/13/four-men-unredacted-epstein-files-no-ties-ro-khannaPatrick's Books:Statistics For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3eerLA0Derivatives For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3cjsyPFCorporate Finance: https://amzn.to/3fn3rvC Ways To Support The ChannelPatreon: https://www.patreon.com/PatrickBoyleOnFinanceBuy Me a Coffee: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/patrickboyleVisit our website: https://www.onfinance.orgFollow Patrick on Twitter Here: https://bsky.app/profile/pboyle.bsky.socialBusiness Inquiries ➡️ [email protected] Boyle On Finance Podcast:Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7uhrWlDvxzy9hLoW0EYf0bApple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/patrick-boyle-on-finance/id1547740313Google Podcasts: https://tinyurl.com/62862nveJoin this channel to support making this content:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCASM0cgfkJxQ1ICmRilfHLw/join Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

What is a Strangle? Options Trading Strategy - Options CombinationsThese classes are all based on the book Trading and Pricing Financial Derivatives, available on Amazon at this link. https://amzn.to/2WIoAL0 Check out our website http://www.onfinance.org/Follow Patrick on twitter here: https://twitter.com/PatrickEBoyleWhat is a Strangle?A strangle is an options strategy where the investor holds a position in both a call and put with different strike prices, but with the same expiration date and underlying asset. This option strategy is profitable only if the underlying asset has a large price move. This is a good strategy if you think there will be a large price movement in the near future but are unsure of which way that price movement will be.What is Long Strangle?A long strangle is simultaneously buying an out of the money call and an out-of-the-money put option. This strategy has a large profit potential, since the call option has theoretically unlimited profit if the underlying asset rises in price, and the put option can profit if the underlying asset falls. The risk on the trade is limited to the premium paid for the two options.What is a Short Strangle?A short strangle is a neutral strategy and has limited profit potential. The maximum profit is equivalent to the net premium received for writing the two options, less any trading costs. A short strangle is selling an out of the money call and an out of the money put option.What is the Difference Between Strangle and Straddle? Long strangles and long straddles are similar options strategies that allow investors to gain from large potential moves to the upside or downside. However, a long straddle involves simultaneously purchasing at the money call and put options.A short straddle is similar to a short strangle and has a limited maximum profit potential that is equivalent to the premium collected from writing the at the money call and put options.Buying a strangle is generally less expensive than a straddle as the contracts are purchased out of the money. The counter-argument to this is that since the options are out of the money, the underlying will need to make a larger price move in order for the strategy to create a profit. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

🎶 Check out OpenDots ONE → https://sdqk.shokz.com/PatrickBoyle/zDbShuZW?utm_content=linkIn this video, we examine the implications of Trump’s latest trade deals —from the one-sided EU deal to politically charged moves against Brazil. Are the deals being structured to exclude China from global supply chains and are these tariffs just about trade, or something more? We explore how constant changes are disrupting business activity, whether manufacturing is really coming back to the U.S., and what history tells us about protectionism’s impact on innovation and productivity.Unhedged Podcast Link: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-eu-folds-on-tariffs/id1691284824?i=1000719679953Patrick's Books:Statistics For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3eerLA0Derivatives For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3cjsyPFCorporate Finance: https://amzn.to/3fn3rvC Ways To Support The ChannelPatreon: https://www.patreon.com/PatrickBoyleOnFinanceBuy Me a Coffee: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/patrickboyleVisit our website: https://www.onfinance.orgFollow Patrick on Twitter Here: https://bsky.app/profile/pboyle.bsky.socialBusiness Inquiries ➡️ [email protected] Boyle On Finance Podcast:Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7uhrWlDvxzy9hLoW0EYf0bApple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/patrick-boyle-on-finance/id1547740313Google Podcasts: https://tinyurl.com/62862nveJoin this channel to support making this content:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCASM0cgfkJxQ1ICmRilfHLw/join Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Take your personal data back with Incogni! Use code BOYLE at the link below and get 60% off an annual plan: https://incogni.com/boyleThis video explores the 2026 "Deep Freeze" of the crypto market, analyzing why the "digital gold" thesis has failed to protect investors as Bitcoin lags behind the S&P 500 total returns. We dive into the "Victory Paradox"—the irony that Bitcoin’s institutional acceptance through Wall Street ETFs and a "crypto-friendly" presidency has tethered it to traditional financial risks, destroying its status as an uncorrelated asset. From the $12 billion losses at Michael Saylor’s Strategy Inc. and the liquidity crisis at institutional prime broker BlockFills to the Great AI Pivot in the mining industry, we break down the structural traps currently paralyzing the ecosystem. Featuring insights on "Financial Nihilism" from Demetri Kofinas, the "Juggalo Theory" of crypto subcultures from Zeke Faux, and the massive migration toward prediction markets like Kalshi and Polymarket, we ask the ultimate forward-looking question: now that Bitcoin is fully financialized, will it ever be an independent asset again?Patrick's Books:Statistics For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3eerLA0Derivatives For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3cjsyPFCorporate Finance: https://amzn.to/3fn3rvC Ways To Support The ChannelPatreon: https://www.patreon.com/PatrickBoyleOnFinanceBuy Me a Coffee: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/patrickboyleVisit our website: https://www.onfinance.orgFollow Patrick on Twitter Here: https://bsky.app/profile/pboyle.bsky.socialBusiness Inquiries ➡️ [email protected] Boyle On Finance Podcast:Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7uhrWlDvxzy9hLoW0EYf0bApple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/patrick-boyle-on-finance/id1547740313Google Podcasts: https://tinyurl.com/62862nveJoin this channel to support making this content:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCASM0cgfkJxQ1ICmRilfHLw/join Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

What is a Straddle? Options Trading Strategy - Options CombinationsThese classes are all based on the book Trading and Pricing Financial Derivatives, available on Amazon at this link. https://amzn.to/2WIoAL0 Check out our website http://www.onfinance.org/Follow Patrick on twitter here: https://twitter.com/PatrickEBoyleAn options straddle involves buying a call and put with same strike price and expiration date. If the stock price is close to the strike price at expiration of the options, the straddle leads to a loss. However, if there is a sufficiently large move in either direction, a significant profit will result. A straddle is appropriate when an investor is expecting a large move in a stock price but does not know in which direction the move will be.The purchase of the two options is known as a long straddle, while the sale of the two options is known as a short straddle. What is a Long Straddle?A long straddle involves "going long," in other words, purchasing both a call option and a put option on some underlying. The two options are bought at the same strike price and expire at the same time. The owner of a long straddle makes a profit if the underlying price moves a long way from the strike price, either above or below. Thus, an investor may take a long straddle position if they think the market is going to be highly volatile, but they do not know in which direction it is going to move. This position is a limited risk, meaning the most a purchaser may lose is the cost of both options. At the same time, there is unlimited profit potential. This is quite an expensive options position as the trader is paying two premiums, so quite a large move is required to be profitable.What is a short straddle?A short straddle is a non-directional options trading strategy that involves simultaneously selling a put and a call of the same underlying security, strike price and expiration date. The profit is limited to the premium received from the sale of put and call. The risk is virtually unlimited as large moves of the underlying security's price either up or down will cause losses proportional to the magnitude of the price move. A maximum profit upon expiration is achieved if the underlying security trades exactly at the strike price of the straddle. In that case both puts and calls comprising the straddle expire worthless allowing straddle owner to keep full credit received as their profit. This strategy is called "nondirectional" because the short straddle profits when the underlying security changes little in price before the expiration of the straddle. The short straddle can also be classified as a credit spread because the sale of the short straddle results in a credit of the premiums of the put and call. A risk for holder of a short straddle position is unlimited due to the sale of the call and the put options which expose the investor to unlimited losses (on the call) or losses limited to the strike price (on the put), whereas maximum profit is limited to the premium gained by the initial sale of the options.To learn more subscribe and watch Patrick's new videos which come out every day. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Check out Even Realities ➡️ https://evenrealities.bio/1998a1#EvenRealities#EvenG2#EvenR1#MyEvenG2#everydaydisplay#smartglasses#aiglasses#displaysmartglassesIn this episode, we explore the legal and economic fallout of the Supreme Court's landmark decision to strike down the "Liberation Day" tariffs, a move that has left the administration scrambling for a "Plan B". We dive into the "David vs. Goliath" story of VOS Selections, the tiny wine importer that successfully challenged the President's use of emergency powers, and examine why the new 10% flat-rate replacement may actually provide a competitive boost to China and Brazil while penalizing America's closest allies. From the bizarre world of "National Security Cabinets" to the $175 billion refund headache currently being exploited by "vulture" investors, we break down how tweeting out tariffs met its match in the U.S. Constitution.Patrick's Books:Statistics For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3eerLA0Derivatives For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3cjsyPFCorporate Finance: https://amzn.to/3fn3rvC Ways To Support The ChannelPatreon: https://www.patreon.com/PatrickBoyleOnFinanceBuy Me a Coffee: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/patrickboyleVisit our website: https://www.onfinance.orgFollow Patrick on Twitter Here: https://bsky.app/profile/pboyle.bsky.socialBusiness Inquiries ➡️ [email protected] Boyle On Finance Podcast:Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7uhrWlDvxzy9hLoW0EYf0bApple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/patrick-boyle-on-finance/id1547740313Google Podcasts: https://tinyurl.com/62862nveJoin this channel to support making this content:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCASM0cgfkJxQ1ICmRilfHLw/join Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

What is a Butterfly Spread? - Options Trading Strategies ExplainedThese classes are all based on the book Trading and Pricing Financial Derivatives, available on Amazon at this link. https://amzn.to/2WIoAL0 Check out our website http://www.onfinance.org/Follow Patrick on twitter here: https://twitter.com/PatrickEBoyleWhat is a Butterfly Spread? A butterfly spread is an option strategy that combines bull and bear spreads. Butterfly spreads use four option contracts with the same expiration but three different strike prices. The trader sells two option contracts at the middle strike price, buys one option contract at a lower strike price, and buys another option contract at a higher strike price. Puts or calls can be used for a butterfly spread. The strategy is used when the trader believes the price of the underlying asset will not deviate much from the current price. Butterfly spreads have limited risk, and the maximum loss is the net premium paid to take the position. Profit is also capped.Long Call Butterfly Spread The long butterfly call spread is created by buying one in-the-money call option with a low strike price, writing two at-the-money call options, and buying one out-of-the-money call option with a higher strike price. A net debit is created when entering the trade. Short Call Butterfly Spread The short butterfly spread is created by selling one in-the-money call option with a low strike price, buying two at-the-money call options, and selling an out-of-the-money call option at a higher strike price. A net credit is created when entering the position. This position profits if the price of the underlying moves toward the upper or lower strike price.Long Put Butterfly Spread The long put butterfly spread is created by buying one put with a lower strike price, selling two at-the-money puts, and buying a put with a higher strike price. A net debit is created when entering the position. Like the long call butterfly, this position has maximum profit when the underlying stays at the strike price of the middle options. Short Put Butterfly Spread The short put butterfly spread is created by writing one out-of-the-money put option with a low strike price, buying two at-the-money puts, and writing an in-the-money put option at a higher strike price. This strategy profits if the underlying moves toward the upper or lower strike prices.Iron Butterfly Spread The iron butterfly spread is created by buying an out-of-the-money put option with a lower strike price, writing an at-the-money put option with a middle strike price, writing an at-the-money call option with a middle strike price, and buying an out-of-the-money call option with a higher strike price. The result is a trade with a net credit that's best suited for lower volatility scenarios. The maximum profit occurs if the underlying stays at the middle strike price. Reverse Iron Butterfly Spread The reverse iron butterfly spread is created by writing an out-of-the-money put option at a lower strike price, buying an at-the-money put option at a middle strike price, buying an at-the-money call option at a middle strike price, and writing an out-of-the-money call option at a higher strike price. This creates a net debit trade that's best suited for high-volatility scenarios. Profit occurs when the price of the underlying moves toward the upper or lower strike prices.Commissions can add up when trading butterfly spreads because of the multiple options positions involved.Watch Patrick's other videos on Options. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qKMIFvgt8wI&list=PLHC72UlhAthA_t0MRcYRxYp2NZRIXSVWA Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

If you are curious and want to try it yourself, Tailor Store is offering 25% off your order for my viewers. Use my link https://www.tailorstore.com/patrickboyle so you can take a look whenever it suits you.In this video, we explore why the United Kingdom has transitioned from a global economic powerhouse to a stark warning for other advanced nations. While the United States has surged ahead since the 2008 financial crisis, Britain has remained trapped in a "productivity puzzle" driven by a series of compounding errors—from a punitive tax code that discourages its most skilled workers to a housing market that functions more like a closed shop than a place to live. We’ll analyze how decades of under-investment, a rigid post-Brexit labor market, and a "Bunker Economy" that prioritizes asset protection over growth have created a zero-sum political landscape. As the "graduate premium" collapses and a "Lost Million" of young people fall through the cracks, we ask the critical question: can the UK finally find the political courage to unpick the structural anchors dragging it down, or is this the new permanent reality for the once-mighty "workshop of the world"?Patrick's Books:Statistics For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3eerLA0Derivatives For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3cjsyPFCorporate Finance: https://amzn.to/3fn3rvC Ways To Support The ChannelPatreon: https://www.patreon.com/PatrickBoyleOnFinanceBuy Me a Coffee: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/patrickboyleVisit our website: https://www.onfinance.orgFollow Patrick on Twitter Here: https://bsky.app/profile/pboyle.bsky.socialBusiness Inquiries ➡️ [email protected] Boyle On Finance Podcast:Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7uhrWlDvxzy9hLoW0EYf0bApple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/patrick-boyle-on-finance/id1547740313Google Podcasts: https://tinyurl.com/62862nveJoin this channel to support making this content:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCASM0cgfkJxQ1ICmRilfHLw/join Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

These classes are all based on the book Trading and Pricing Financial Derivatives, available on Amazon at this link. https://amzn.to/2WIoAL0 Check out our website http://www.onfinance.org/Follow Patrick on twitter here: https://twitter.com/PatrickEBoyleOne problem with using financial futures contracts to hedge a portfolio of assets, is that a perfect futures contract may not exist. Thus a perfect hedge cannot be achieved.An example would be, if an airline company executive wished to hedge the company's exposure to jet fuel prices, and found that there was no jet fuel futures market or if they found that a futures market exists but it is so illiquid that it is functionally useless.The CFO then needs to find a way to use a different contract that is highly correlated with the underlying asset and has a similar variance. This is done using the minimum variance hedge ratio.The minimum variance hedge ratio (or optimal hedge ratio) is the ratio of futures position relative to the spot position that minimizes the variance of the position. In this video we will learn how to do this calculation.We also learn how to use beta in hedging a portfolio of stocks using S&P500 index futures.minimum variance portfolio.beta hedging equity portfolio Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Get an exclusive 15% discount on Saily data plans! Use code BOYLE at checkout. Download Saily app or go to https://saily.com/boyleSpaceX is targeting a $1.75 trillion valuation for what could be the largest IPO in history. In this video, we examine how Elon Musk is folding a money-burning AI startup and a struggling social media platform into a rocket company to justify a price tag that defies financial gravity. From the engineering absurdity of "orbital data centers" and lunar railguns to the structural manipulation of the Nasdaq 100, we explore how low-float strategies and "fast-track" index inclusion rules are being used to turn passive 401(k) investors into exit liquidity for insiders. We look at the gap between EBITDA "vibes" and GAAP reality and the pivot from Mars to the Moon.Patrick's Books:Statistics For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3eerLA0Derivatives For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3cjsyPFCorporate Finance: https://amzn.to/3fn3rvC Ways To Support The ChannelPatreon: https://www.patreon.com/PatrickBoyleOnFinanceBuy Me a Coffee: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/patrickboyleVisit our website: https://www.onfinance.orgFollow Patrick on Twitter Here: https://bsky.app/profile/pboyle.bsky.socialBusiness Inquiries ➡️ [email protected] Boyle On Finance Podcast:Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7uhrWlDvxzy9hLoW0EYf0bApple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/patrick-boyle-on-finance/id1547740313Google Podcasts: https://tinyurl.com/62862nveJoin this channel to support making this content:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCASM0cgfkJxQ1ICmRilfHLw/join Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

What is a Put Spread? - Options Trading StrategiesThese classes are all based on the book Trading and Pricing Financial Derivatives, available on Amazon at this link. https://amzn.to/2WIoAL0 Check out our website http://www.onfinance.org/Follow Patrick on twitter here: https://twitter.com/PatrickEBoyleWhat is an Options Put Spread?A put spread is an option spread strategy that involves buying and selling an equal number of put options simultaneously. Unlike the put buying strategy in which the profit potential is unlimited, the maximum profit generated by put spreads are limited but this strategy is relatively cheaper to employ. Unlike the outright purchase of put options which might only be employed by bearish investors, put spreads can be constructed to profit from a bull, bear or neutral market.One of the most basic spread strategies to implement in options trading is the vertical spread. A vertical put spread is created when the short puts and the long puts have the same expiration date but different strike prices. Vertical put spreads can be bullish or bearish.The vertical bull put spread, or 'bull put spread', is used when the option trader thinks that the underlying security's price will rise before the put options expire.The vertical bear put spread, or 'bear put spread', is employed by the option trader who believes that the price of the underlying security will fall before the put options expire.What is a Calendar (Horizontal) Put Spread?A calendar put spread is created when long term put options are bought and near term put options with the same strike price are sold. Depending on the near term outlook, either the neutral calendar put spread or the bear calendar put spread can be employed.What Is a Neutral Calendar Put Spread?When the option trader's near term outlook on the underlying is neutral, a neutral calendar put spread can be implemented using at-the-money put options to construct the spread. The main objective of the neutral calendar put spread strategy is to profit from the rapid time decay of the near term options.What is a Bear Calendar Put Spread?Investors employing the bear calendar put spread are bearish on the underlying on the long term and are selling the near term puts with the intention of riding the long term puts for a discount and sometimes even for free. Out-of-the-money put options are used to construct the bear calendar put spread.What is a Diagonal Put Spread?A diagonal put spread is created when long term put options are bought and near term put options with a higher strike price are sold. The diagonal put spread is actually very similar to the bear calendar put spread. The main difference is that the near term outlook of the diagonal bear put spread is slightly more bearish.If you are new to options and derivatives make sure you watch Patricks other videos on this topic. The videos are mostly separated into playlists sorted by topic. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

If you’re ready to level up your AI leadership skills, head to https://masterclass.yt.link/5o4X21q to get 15% off the Lead with AI Certificate from MasterClass and Microsoft.While the world is distracted by global conflict, a panic is building in the private credit market. In this video, we go inside the opaque world of Private Credit - examine the "Golden Age" of lending that is rapidly turning into a slow-motion crisis. From the "volatility laundering" tricks used by managers to hide billion-dollar losses to the "Exit Trap" currently catching retail investors in BDCs, we explore how the search for yield led Wall Street directly to your 401(k). We look at why insiders like Boaz Weinstein are calling this a scandal, and what happens to the 48 million Americans whose jobs depend on the fragile financial plumbing when the credit finally contracts. Is this a repeat of 2008, or something much quieter but much harder to escape?Patrick's Books:Statistics For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3eerLA0Derivatives For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3cjsyPFCorporate Finance: https://amzn.to/3fn3rvC Ways To Support The ChannelPatreon: https://www.patreon.com/PatrickBoyleOnFinanceBuy Me a Coffee: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/patrickboyleVisit our website: https://www.onfinance.orgFollow Patrick on Twitter Here: https://bsky.app/profile/pboyle.bsky.socialBusiness Inquiries ➡️ [email protected] Boyle On Finance Podcast:Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7uhrWlDvxzy9hLoW0EYf0bApple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/patrick-boyle-on-finance/id1547740313Google Podcasts: https://tinyurl.com/62862nveJoin this channel to support making this content:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCASM0cgfkJxQ1ICmRilfHLw/join Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

What is an options call spread?These classes are all based on the book Trading and Pricing Financial Derivatives, available on Amazon at this link. https://amzn.to/2WIoAL0 Check out our website http://www.onfinance.org/Follow Patrick on twitter here: https://twitter.com/PatrickEBoyleWhat is a Call Spread?What is a Bull Call Spread?A bull call spread is an options strategy used when a trader is betting that a stock will have a limited increase in its price. The spread involves buying call options at a specific strike price and expiration date and selling an equal number of calls at a higher strike price for the same expiration date. A bull call spread is a type of vertical spread. An option position in which a call is purchased while another call on the same security is sold short. The two calls have different strike prices, different expiration dates, or both. Also called option spread.What is a Bull Call Spread? Bull call spreads are an options strategy that involves purchasing call options at a specific strike price ,while also writing the same number of calls on the same asset and expiration date but at a higher strike price. A bull call spread is used when a moderate rise in the price of the underlying asset is expected.How does it work?Since a bull call spread involves writing call options that have a higher strike price than that of the long call options, the trade requires an initial cash outlay, as you spend money on options premium. The maximum profit in this strategy is the difference between the strike prices, less the net cost of options. The maximum loss is limited to the net premium paid for the options.A bull call spread's profit increases as the underlying security's price increases up to the strike price of the written call option. If the underlying stock price increases beyond the strike price of the written option, the profit on the trade does not increase. Conversely, if the price falls below the strike price of the bought call option, losses are limited to the cost of the buying options.Make sure you watch Patrick's other videos on options combinations. Tomorrow we will look at put spreads and the next day at Butterfly Spreads.If you are new to options watch the playlist "An Introduction to Options"Trading and Pricing Financial Derivatives Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Take your personal data back with Incogni! Use code BOYLE at the link below and get 60% off an annual plan: https://incogni.com/boyleEquity markets have spent the past month treating the war in Iran like a minor inconvenience — a 'buy the dip' opportunity rather than a structural crisis. But while stock traders debate whether the President will 'TACO out' of the conflict, the real story is unfolding in the commodities that never make the headlines: LNG, helium, fertilizer, and aluminium. With the Strait of Hormuz effectively closed, Qatar's liquefaction plants in ruins, and Oxford Economics estimating the waterway will remain largely impassable until May, no Truth Social post is going to fix this. In this video, we look at why the physical damage to the region's infrastructure means the economic fallout will be felt long after the shooting stops — and why the winners and losers of this crisis are not who you'd expect.Patrick's Books:Statistics For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3eerLA0Derivatives For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3cjsyPFCorporate Finance: https://amzn.to/3fn3rvC Ways To Support The ChannelPatreon: https://www.patreon.com/PatrickBoyleOnFinanceBuy Me a Coffee: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/patrickboyleVisit our website: https://www.onfinance.orgFollow Patrick on Twitter Here: https://bsky.app/profile/pboyle.bsky.socialBusiness Inquiries ➡️ [email protected] Boyle On Finance Podcast:Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7uhrWlDvxzy9hLoW0EYf0bApple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/patrick-boyle-on-finance/id1547740313Google Podcasts: https://tinyurl.com/62862nveJoin this channel to support making this content:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCASM0cgfkJxQ1ICmRilfHLw/join Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Factors That Impact Option Prices - Option TradingThese classes are all based on the book Trading and Pricing Financial Derivatives, available on Amazon at this link. https://amzn.to/2WIoAL0 Check out our website http://www.onfinance.org/Follow Patrick on twitter here: https://twitter.com/PatrickEBoyleFactors Impacting Stock Options PricesThe main factors impacting the premium price of stock options are:• The current stock price S0• Strike price agreed on K• Time to maturity/expiration T• Volatility of the stock price • Risk-free interest rate r• Dividends expected during option lifeThe Impact of Spot Prices on Option PricesThe price of the underlying is the key factor that determines the premium price of an option. The options payoff is the difference between the spot price and the strike price. The price of an option premium for a given strike price will change based on the price of the underlying stock.Long call options are more valuable when the underlying spot price increases.Long put options become more valuable when the underlying spot price decreases.Strike PriceThe strike price is the contracted price that will be exchanged in the event of the exercise of the option by the option buyer. Hence strike price plays a vital role in determining the premium price of an option. The exercise price will remain the same throughout the life of an option contract and will not undergo any change, with the earlier-noted exceptions of relatively rare corporate actions such as special dividend announcements and stock splits. Time to Maturity/ExpirationWith more time, there is more uncertainty. The more time to expiration, the greater the chance that there will be fluctuation in the price of the underlying to the advantage of one of the parties to the contract. Thus, the greater the time, the higher the time value of the option. An option’s premium price is directly related to the time remaining till expiration. The buyer of an option stands to gain if the option contract finishes in the money. If there is more time to expiration, the chance of the option ending in the money is higher. As the time to expiration of an options contract passes, the value of the option erodes.If an investor buys an option that is one year away from expiration, it will obviously be more expensive than a similar option that is only five minutes away from expiration. All options exhibit time decay and are wasting assets.The Volatility of the Stock PriceThe volatility of a stock price is a measure of how uncertain we are about future stock price movements. The standard deviation of the historical price movements of the underlying asset over a defined period of time is typically used to measure the volatility of that asset. The higher the volatility is, the more likely it is that an asset’s price will move up or down a lot. Thus, an option on a volatile asset is worth more than an option on an asset with little volatility. If a market becomes more volatile, the premium for option contracts, both puts and calls, would go up. Someone who bought options earlier would benefit if market volatility increases to the detriment of the person who sold the options to them.Interest RatesThe cost of carry depends on the risk-free rate of interest in the market concerned. The higher the interest rate, the higher the call option price and lower the put option price. The lower the interest rate, the lower the call option price and higher the put option price. Higher interest rates have two impacts on stock options valuations:1. Higher expected return on stock2. The present value of future cash flows of an option decreaseIf all else is kept equal, an increase in interest rates increases call prices and decreases put prices.Expected DividendsStock dividends are paid only to the holder of the underlying security on the rec Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Genspark has launched All-in-one AI Workspace 3.0.🔥 Genspark AI Workspace 3.0 is HERE!Powered by Genspark Claw — your smart AI agent that automates any daily task in one chat.Build workflows, run cloud tasks, scrape data, generate reports, and collaborate — all in one place, no code needed.🎁 NEW USER BONUSGet started with @GensparkProduct — free credits when you sign up: https://www.genspark.ai/?utm_source=yt&utm_campaign=PBoyle02Work smarter, not harder.👉 Start free today!#Genspark #WorkwithGensparkCanada has every advantage a country could ask for — vast natural resources, a stable democracy, world-class universities, and a highly educated population. So why has its GDP per capita fallen from 80% of the American level to around 70% in little more than a decade? In this video, we look at how a protected economy, a housing market that rewarded sitting still over building things, and a productivity gap that has been quietly compounding for thirty years have combined to create what the Bank of Canada called a "productivity emergency" — and what it might mean for the rest of the developed world.Patrick's Books:Statistics For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3eerLA0Derivatives For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3cjsyPFCorporate Finance: https://amzn.to/3fn3rvC Ways To Support The ChannelPatreon: https://www.patreon.com/PatrickBoyleOnFinanceBuy Me a Coffee: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/patrickboyleVisit our website: https://www.onfinance.orgFollow Patrick on Twitter Here: https://bsky.app/profile/pboyle.bsky.socialBusiness Inquiries ➡️ [email protected] Boyle On Finance Podcast:Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7uhrWlDvxzy9hLoW0EYf0bApple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/patrick-boyle-on-finance/id1547740313Google Podcasts: https://tinyurl.com/62862nveJoin this channel to support making this content:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCASM0cgfkJxQ1ICmRilfHLw/join Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Today we will learn about put call parity and how it works,These classes are all based on the book Trading and Pricing Financial Derivatives, available on Amazon at this link. https://amzn.to/2WIoAL0 Check out our website http://www.onfinance.org/Follow Patrick on twitter here: https://twitter.com/PatrickEBoyleWhat is Put-Call ParityPut-call parity is a no arbitrage principle that specifies the relationship between the price of European put options and European call options, with the same underlying asset, strike price and expiration date. Put-call parity states that simultaneously holding a short European put and long European call of the same class will deliver the same return as holding one forward (or futures) contract on the same underlying asset, with the same expiration, and a forward price equal to the option's strike price. If the prices of the put and call options diverge so that this relationship does not hold, an arbitrage opportunity would exist, meaning that arbitrage traders would be able to earn a risk-free profit. Such opportunities are uncommon and short-lived in liquid markets.The equation expressing put-call parity is:C + PV(x) = P + Swhere:C = price of the European call optionPV(x) = the present value of the strike price (x), discounted from the value on the expiration date at the risk-free rateP = price of the European putS = spot price or the current market value of the underlying assetPut-call parity applies only to European options, which can only be exercised on the expiration date, and not American options, which can be exercised before. Watch Patrick's other videos on covered calls and protective puts to better understand this concept.Covered Call Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UlC9iM2Wh7IProtective Put Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MUs4jga-NAI&t=26sWhat is Put Call Parity? How does it work? put call parity formula Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

🚀 Streamline your entire business with Odoo — the all-in-one, easy-to-use ERP platform that centralizes, automates, and scales your operations from sales and accounting to inventory and eCommerce 📈⚙️. Try Odoo for 15 days (no credit card required) 👉🏻 https://www.odoo.com/r/t7pIn October 2021, Mark Zuckerberg stood in front of the world and announced that the future of human interaction would be something called the metaverse. He was so confident about this that he renamed his three-billion-user company after it. Over the following four years, Meta spent $88 billion building a virtual world that almost nobody visited, featuring avatars that — for reasons that were never fully explained — did not have legs. Wall Street predicted five billion users. Consultants declared it too big to ignore. A man paid $450,000 to become Snoop Dogg's virtual neighbour. The metaverse peaked at around 900 daily users. This is the story of what went wrong, and what it cost.Patrick's Books:Statistics For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3eerLA0Derivatives For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3cjsyPFCorporate Finance: https://amzn.to/3fn3rvC Ways To Support The ChannelPatreon: https://www.patreon.com/PatrickBoyleOnFinanceBuy Me a Coffee: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/patrickboyleVisit our website: https://www.onfinance.orgFollow Patrick on Twitter Here: https://bsky.app/profile/pboyle.bsky.socialBusiness Inquiries ➡️ [email protected] Boyle On Finance Podcast:Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7uhrWlDvxzy9hLoW0EYf0bApple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/patrick-boyle-on-finance/id1547740313Google Podcasts: https://tinyurl.com/62862nveJoin this channel to support making this content:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCASM0cgfkJxQ1ICmRilfHLw/join Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

These classes are all based on the book Trading and Pricing Financial Derivatives, available on Amazon at this link. https://amzn.to/2WIoAL0 Check out our website http://www.onfinance.org/Follow Patrick on twitter here: https://twitter.com/PatrickEBoyleWhat is a Protective Put? A protective put is a trading or investment strategy that investors can use to guard against losses in a stock or other asset. The put option acts like an insurance policy—it costs money, which reduces the investor's potential gains from owning the security but also reduces the risk of losing money if the security declines in value. A protective put is also known as a married put. Breaking Down the Protective Put Protective puts involve being long a stock and purchasing put options for that stock with a strike price that is near the underlying stock's current price or slightly out of the money. A protective put is typically used when an investor is still bullish on a stock but wishes to hedge against potential losses and uncertainty.Profit and Loss The maximum profit of a protective put is theoretically unlimited as the strategy involves being long on the underlying stock. If the stock keeps rising, the long stock position benefits and the bought put option isn't needed.The maximum loss is limited to the purchase price of the underlying stock less the strike price of the put option and the premium paid. The strike price of the put option acts as a barrier where losses in the underlying stock stop. The ideal situation in a protective put is for the stock price to increase, as the investor would benefit from the long stock position. In this case, the put option will expire worthless, but the stock will have increased in value.Take a look at my other two videos in this series, one on covered calls and one on put call parity where we learn the relationship between a protective put and being long a call option.Covered Call Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UlC9iM2Wh7IPut Call Parity Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LPrlfElGZJ0&t=0s Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Buy The Book Here: https://amzn.to/2Vo18lnFollow Patrick on Twitter Here: https://twitter.com/PatrickEBoyle Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Level up your note-taking with Plaud NotePro at https://bit.ly/4c9s3bC and use code “PBOYLE” for 10% OFF!Amazon: https://bit.ly/483LfoU#PLAUD #NoteTakerPrediction markets like Kalshi and Polymarket have been described as "truth machines" that produce more accurate forecasts than traditional polling. In this video we look at how they actually work, why the federal government is fighting individual states over who gets to regulate a bet on a football game, how a soldier allegedly used classified military intelligence to win money on a crypto betting site, and why quantitative trading firms are now paying traders $200,000 a year to build algorithms that systematically take money from retail bettors. We also look at the political connections behind these platforms, the academic research on the social cost of making it very easy to gamble from your phone, and why — after all of this — you still can't trade futures on onions.Patrick's Books:Statistics For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3eerLA0Derivatives For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3cjsyPFCorporate Finance: https://amzn.to/3fn3rvC Ways To Support The ChannelPatreon: https://www.patreon.com/PatrickBoyleOnFinanceBuy Me a Coffee: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/patrickboyleVisit our website: https://www.onfinance.orgFollow Patrick on Twitter Here: https://bsky.app/profile/pboyle.bsky.socialBusiness Inquiries ➡️ [email protected] Boyle On Finance Podcast:Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7uhrWlDvxzy9hLoW0EYf0bApple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/patrick-boyle-on-finance/id1547740313Google Podcasts: https://tinyurl.com/62862nveJoin this channel to support making this content:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCASM0cgfkJxQ1ICmRilfHLw/join Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

What is a Covered Call? - Options Trading StrategiesThese classes are all based on the book Trading and Pricing Financial Derivatives, available on Amazon at this link. https://amzn.to/2WIoAL0 Check out our website http://www.onfinance.org/Follow Patrick on twitter here: https://twitter.com/PatrickEBoyleA covered call (oftenalso called a "buy-write" strategy) is a financial market transaction in which the seller of call options owns the corresponding amount of the underlying security, such as shares of a stock or other securities. According to put call parity, the strategy has the same payoffs as being short a put option. (See my video on put call parity)The long position in the underlying instrument is said to provide the "cover" as the shares can be delivered to the buyer of the call if the buyer decides to exercise. Writing (or selling) a call generates income in the form of the premium received from the option buyer. And if the stock price remains stable or increases, then the writer will be able to keep this income as a profit, even though the profit may have been higher if no call were written. The risk of stock ownership is not eliminated. If the stock price declines, then the overall position will lose money. Since in equilibrium the payoffs on the covered call position is the same as a short put position, the price (or premium) should be the same as the premium of the short put or naked put.Watch Patrick's Other Videos On This TopicProtective Put Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MUs4jga-NAI&t=26sPut Call Parity Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LPrlfElGZJ0&t=1s Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

They can't harm you, if they can't find you! Use code BOYLE at the link below and get 60% off an annual plan: https://incogni.com/boyleThe stock market just hit a record high. Meanwhile, captains in the Persian Gulf are turning off their transponders and sneaking through the Strait of Hormuz in the dead of night. Only five ships made it through yesterday. The seaborne oil buffer that insulated the global economy in the early weeks of the conflict is now completely exhausted, and the knock-on effects - from jet fuel shortages in Europe to a fertilizer crisis threatening this year's harvest - are only just beginning to show up in the data. In this video, we look at why the physical commodity markets are telling a very different story to the stock market, and what happens when the world's most critical trade route is caught between two competing blockades.Patrick's Books:Statistics For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3eerLA0Derivatives For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3cjsyPFCorporate Finance: https://amzn.to/3fn3rvC Ways To Support The ChannelPatreon: https://www.patreon.com/PatrickBoyleOnFinanceBuy Me a Coffee: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/patrickboyleVisit our website: https://www.onfinance.orgFollow Patrick on Twitter Here: https://bsky.app/profile/pboyle.bsky.socialBusiness Inquiries ➡️ [email protected] Boyle On Finance Podcast:Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7uhrWlDvxzy9hLoW0EYf0bApple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/patrick-boyle-on-finance/id1547740313Google Podcasts: https://tinyurl.com/62862nveJoin this channel to support making this content:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCASM0cgfkJxQ1ICmRilfHLw/join Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

These classes are all based on the book Trading and Pricing Financial Derivatives, available on Amazon at this link. https://amzn.to/2WIoAL0 Check out our website http://www.onfinance.org/Follow Patrick on twitter here: https://twitter.com/PatrickEBoyleExercising OptionsCalls and put options give the owner the right to buy or sell a stock at a certain price by a certain date. When the owner of that call or put option has an option that is "in-the-money" and decides to buy or sell the stock, it is said that they are "exercising" their option. However, just because an option is "in-the-money" it doesn't mean that it is always in the best interest of the option holder to exercise it. Most of the time the option owner is better off to just sell the option at the current market price. This is because the option price is usually higher than the "intrinsic value", or the amount the option is actually "in-the-money." At expiration date, it usually makes sense to exercise the option.When to Exercise a Call OptionIf you own a call option and the stock price is HIGHER than the strike price at expiration, then it makes sense for you to exercise your call. This way you can buy the stock at a lower price and immediately sell it in the market at the higher price.When to Exercise a Put OptionIf you own a put option and the stock price is LOWER than the strike price at expiration, then it makes sense for you to exercise your put. This way you can sell the stock at a higher price and immediately buy it back at the lower price.I will do another video shortly on when it is optimal to early exercise options.Trading options. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

🚀 Streamline your entire business with Odoo — the all-in-one, easy-to-use ERP platform that centralizes, automates, and scales your operations from sales and accounting to inventory and eCommerce 📈⚙️. Try out Odoo for 15 days (no credit card required) 👉🏻 https://www.odoo.com/r/2khU.S. consumer sentiment has fallen to a 74-year low. Brent crude is above $125 a barrel. And several highly credible economists had been warning that inflation was coming back — long before the first missile was fired. In this video, we look at the structural forces — demographic, fiscal, and geopolitical — that are making inflation much harder to control, and why central banks may no longer have the tools or the political independence to do anything about it.Based in part on the new book "The Unanchored Central Banker" by Manoj Pradhan and Charles Goodhart. https://amzn.to/4n7hklUMy second channel: https://www.youtube.com/@PBoyleInterviewsMy interview with Manoj Pradhan: https://youtu.be/EuhdSV_WTVI Patrick's Books:Statistics For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3eerLA0Derivatives For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3cjsyPFCorporate Finance: https://amzn.to/3fn3rvC Ways To Support The ChannelPatreon: https://www.patreon.com/PatrickBoyleOnFinanceBuy Me a Coffee: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/patrickboyleVisit our website: https://www.onfinance.orgFollow Patrick on Twitter Here: https://bsky.app/profile/pboyle.bsky.socialBusiness Inquiries ➡️ [email protected] Boyle On Finance Podcast:Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7uhrWlDvxzy9hLoW0EYf0bApple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/patrick-boyle-on-finance/id1547740313Google Podcasts: https://tinyurl.com/62862nveJoin this channel to support making this content:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCASM0cgfkJxQ1ICmRilfHLw/join Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

These classes are all based on the book Trading and Pricing Financial Derivatives, available on Amazon at this link. https://amzn.to/2WIoAL0 Check out our website http://www.onfinance.org/Follow Patrick on twitter here: https://twitter.com/PatrickEBoyleThere is no free lunch with stocks and bonds. Options are no different. Options trading involves certain risks that the investor must be aware of before making a trade.Options are derivatives of financial securities – their value depends on the price of some other asset. That is essentially what the term, derivative, means. There are many different types of securities that fall under the label of derivative, including calls, puts, futures, forwards, swaps (of which there are many types), and credit derivatives which we will cover in a future video.Options represent the right (but not the obligation) to take some sort of action (buy or sell an underlying security) by a predetermined date (the expiration date). There are two types of options, calls and puts. And there are two sides to every option transaction -- the party buying the option, and the party selling (also called writing) the option. Each side comes with its own risk/reward profile and may be entered into for different strategic reasons. The buyer of the option is said to have a long position, while the seller of the option (the writer) is said to have a short position.Note that tradable options are contracts between two parties. The companies whose securities underlie the option contracts are themselves neither involved in the transactions nor the cash flows between the various parties in the market. In any option trade, the counterparty may be another investor, or perhaps a market maker (a type of middle man offering to both buy and sell a particular security in the hopes of making a profit on the differing bid/ask prices). All parties it should be noted do not directly face each other, instead they face the options clearinghouse, and I have a separate video on that topic.What's a call option?A call option, is the option to buy the underlying stock at a pre-agreed price (the strike price) by a pre-agreed date (the expiration date). The buyer of a call has the right to buy shares at the strike price until expiration. The seller of the call (also known as the call "writer") is the one with the corresponding obligation. If the call buyer decides to buy (known as exercising the option) the call writer is obliged to sell their shares to the call buyer at the strike price.If an investor bought a call option on Apple Computer stock with a strike price at $100 expiring in two months. That call buyer has the right to exercise that option, paying $100 per share, and receiving the shares. The writer of the call would have the obligation to deliver those shares and be happy receiving $100 for them. What's a put option?If a call is the right to buy, then perhaps unsurprisingly, a put is the option to sell the underlying stock at a predetermined strike price until a fixed expiry date. The put buyer has the right to sell shares at the strike price, and if he/she decides to sell, the put writer is obliged to buy at that price.Why use options?A call buyer seeks to make a profit when the price of the underlying shares rises. The call price will rise as the shares do. The call writer is making the opposite bet, hoping for the stock price to decline or, at the very least, rise less than the amount received for selling the call in the first place.The put buyer profits when the underlying stock price falls. A put increases in value as the underlying stock decreases in value. Conversely, put writers are hoping for the option to expire with the stock price above the strike price, or at least for the stock to decline an amount less than what they have been paid to sell the put.We'll note here that relatively few Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

All-in-one AI Workspace @GensparkProduct https://www.youtube.com/@GensparkProductGenspark = AI Sheet + AI Slides + so much more🚀 $250M ARR in 12 months🎁 Sign up: credits + GetStarted bonusTry it 👉 https://www.genspark.ai/?utm_source=yt&utm_campaign=PBoyle03#Genspark #WorkwithGensparkGameStop — the meme stock famous for selling physical video game discs to people who no longer buy physical video game discs — has made an unsolicited 56 billion dollar offer to acquire eBay. GameStop is worth approximately 12 billion dollars. The offer is non-binding, the financing includes a highly confident letter from a Canadian bank, and the shares required to complete the deal have not yet been authorised by shareholders. CEO Ryan Cohen went on CNBC on Monday morning to explain how this would all work. He said the details were on the website. We looked at the website.Patrick's Books:Statistics For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3eerLA0Derivatives For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3cjsyPFCorporate Finance: https://amzn.to/3fn3rvC Ways To Support The ChannelPatreon: https://www.patreon.com/PatrickBoyleOnFinanceBuy Me a Coffee: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/patrickboyleVisit our website: https://www.onfinance.orgFollow Patrick on Twitter Here: https://bsky.app/profile/pboyle.bsky.socialBusiness Inquiries ➡️ [email protected] Boyle On Finance Podcast:Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7uhrWlDvxzy9hLoW0EYf0bApple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/patrick-boyle-on-finance/id1547740313Google Podcasts: https://tinyurl.com/62862nveJoin this channel to support making this content:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCASM0cgfkJxQ1ICmRilfHLw/join Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

These classes are all based on the book Trading and Pricing Financial Derivatives, available on Amazon at this link. https://amzn.to/2WIoAL0 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Try Mammouth AI now at http://mammouth.aiAs Donald Trump and Xi Jinping wrap up their summit in Beijing with little more to show for it than a few awkward handshakes, the media is left wondering where the big breakthrough went. But as we explore in this video, the failure of the "beans and Boeings" summit wasn’t a political failure—it was a certainty. Relying on the insights of economist Michael Pettis, we break down why trade surpluses and deficits are driven by domestic savings and investment choices, rather than trade policies or tariffs. From China’s systematic suppression of household consumption to the United States' structural trap as the global consumer of last resort, the underlying economic imbalances forcing this trade war cannot be fixed by podium announcements. Patrick's Books:Statistics For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3eerLA0Derivatives For The Trading Floor: https://amzn.to/3cjsyPFCorporate Finance: https://amzn.to/3fn3rvC Ways To Support The ChannelPatreon: https://www.patreon.com/PatrickBoyleOnFinanceBuy Me a Coffee: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/patrickboyleVisit our website: https://www.onfinance.orgFollow Patrick on Twitter Here: https://bsky.app/profile/pboyle.bsky.socialBusiness Inquiries ➡️ [email protected] Boyle On Finance Podcast:Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7uhrWlDvxzy9hLoW0EYf0bApple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/patrick-boyle-on-finance/id1547740313Google Podcasts: https://tinyurl.com/62862nveJoin this channel to support making this content:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCASM0cgfkJxQ1ICmRilfHLw/join Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

What is Intrinsic value and Time Value of Financial Options?, In The Money, At The Money, Out Of The MoneyThese classes are all based on the book Trading and Pricing Financial Derivatives, available on Amazon at this link. https://amzn.to/2WIoAL0 Check out our website http://www.onfinance.org/Follow Patrick on twitter here: https://twitter.com/PatrickEBoyleThe price of an option is made up of a combination of intrinsic value and time value.The intrinsic value of an option is the value of exercising the option right now. If the price of the underlying stock is above a call option strike price, the option has a positive monetary value, and is referred to as being in-the-money. If the underlying stock is priced cheaper than the call option's strike price, the call option is referred to as being out-of-the-money. If an option is out-of-the-money at expiration, its holder simply allows the option to expire worthless. This is because a rational investor would choose to buy the underlying stock at market rather than exercise an out-of-the-money call option to buy the same stock at a higher-than-market price. For the same reasons, a put option is in-the-money if it allows the purchase of the underlying at a market price below the strike price of the put option. A put option is out-of-the-money if the underlying's spot price is higher than the strike price. The time value of an option is the premium a rational investor would pay over its current exercise value (intrinsic value), based on the probability it will increase in value before expiry. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices