The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition

The AP Biology Ultimate Review Packet is available now! Find out how you can get a free preview and discount code to access exclusive videos, study guides, practice sheets, practice multiple choice and a full length practice exam. The URP has everything you need to get an A in your biology class and a 5 on the exam.STUDENTS, GET YOUR FREE PREVIEW OF THE ULTIMATE REVIEW PACKET: https://www.ultimatereviewpacket.com/...TEACHERS, GET YOUR FREE URP TEACHER TRIAL WITH BONUS RESOURCES: https://www.ultimatereviewpacket.com/...AND PLACE BULK ORDERS: https://www.ultimatereviewpacket.com/...WEBSITE https://theapsoluterecap.comPODCAST https://the-apsolute-recap-biology-ed...SPOTIFY https://open.spotify.com/show/5a0ohv6...APPLE PODCASTS https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast...LINKTREE https://linktr.ee/theapsoluterecaphttps://www.ultimatereviewpacket.com/courses/ap-biologyThank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2024 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

This episode is a teaser for our YouTube Channel where we recap the entire AP Bio curriculum. That’s right - all 8 units from start to finish with the top terms, concepts, and equations1 you need to remember for the exam in May.SPEED REVIEW VIDEOSPEED REVIEW CHECKLISTPRACTICE EXAMSTUDY GUIDEThank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2023 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

https://feeds.simplecast.com/iksAjLoVMelanie Kingett from the APsolute RecAP has joined the Ultimate Review Packet for AP Biology!https://www.ultimatereviewpacket.com/courses/ap-biologyThank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2023 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website: www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL: [email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

The exam is almost here! Deep breath! It's one test, on one day. 90 minutes for 60 multiple choice and 90 minutes for 6 FRQs testing all 8 Units of Biology. Pace yourself and trust your gut. A few strategies to help you: Read and rank the FRQs (2:30). Answer the prompt (4:11). Read past unfamiliar terms (4:35). And don’t leave anything blank! (5:19)The Question of the Day asks (6:29) True or False. Error bars are 2 times SEM above the average.Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2021 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

Episode 81 will recap multiple topics - it’ our third Listener’s Choice Episode. Cladograms are branching diagrams that show common ancestry among groups of organisms. (0:46) Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are energy conversion processes - focus on what goes in, what comes out, where, and why. (2:07) Cell signaling involves reception, transduction and response. (3:22) DNA replication is semiconservative and involves several enzymes. (5:38) And the central dogma has information flow from DNA to RNA to protein. (7:05)The Question of the Day asks (9:13) Which DNA strand is synthesized faster - leading or lagging?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2021 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

In AP Biology - Science skill number 5 is titled statistical tests and data analysis. On test day, have your calculator handy and check your equations and formulas sheet. Always make your math have meaning through analysis, biological application and units. This episode recaps probability (1:41), standard deviation (2:38), error bars (3:09) and Chi-Square hypothesis testing (3:38).The Question of the Day asks (9:30) A normal mother and colorblind father have a boy and a girl. What is the chance their son is colorblind?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2021 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

Communities with greater biodiversity are more resistant to ecosystem disruptions and environmental change. (1:00) Some community interactions are permanent, having evolved dependency over many many years with symbiosis. (2:22) A niche is the role or job that an organism has within an ecosystem (4:21).The Question of the Day asks (6:22) The clownfish hides within the anemone and excretes wastes within it. What type of symbiotic relationship is this?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2021 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

The APsolute Recap: Biology Edition - BiodiversityWhat is an ecosystem? Ecosystems have biotic and abiotic components working together in a system (0:54). The more diverse an ecosystem is, the more resilient it is during environmental changes. (1:27) Both biotic and abiotic factors play a role in maintaining species diversity and the keystone species is the lynch pin. (2:13)The Question of the Day asks (6:35) Approximately how much energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2021 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

Graphs and ecology - they go together like predator and prey. Episode 77 recAPs the four equations discussed in Unit 8 - population growth (1:11), exponential growth (2:42), logistic growth (5:00) and Simpson’s Diversity Index (6:26). Get your calculator ready for some practice examples!The Question of the Day asks (9:01) Autotrophic organisms that capture energy from small inorganic compounds are classified as these.Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2021 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

What does the fox say? ALOT! Each yip, growl, howl and cry is a response to a stimulus in its environment and aids in the fox’s survival and overall reproductive success. (0:30) Survive long enough to pass on those genes and use every trick in your biological power to do so (1:39). Melanie recAPs a variety of examples ranging from phototropism (2:13) and shark blood detection (4:30) to honeybees (5:56).The Question of the Day asks (7:53) This is the state animals enter when they lower their metabolic rate in summer months.Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2021 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

Evolution doesn’t have goals or dated deadlines, but simply responds to environmental change. Seen through continual changes in genotypic frequencies (1:09), the fossil record (2:01) and antibiotic resistance (4:26) - evolution isn’t about the destination, but the pathway of change.The Question of the Day asks (7:45) N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide is an insect repellent developed by the US Army in 1946. What is it commonly known as?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2021 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

Everything is connected and the evidence is overwhelming. You are in the Domain Eukarya, Kingdom animalia – but the common ancestor of all eukaryotes was the OG with membrane bound organelles (1:02), linear chromosomes (2:47) and genes that contain introns(4:51). Each piece of structural and process evidence on the molecular and cellular level supports the common ancestry of all eukaryotes.The Question of the Day asks (7:25) Collectively, what is a stack of thylakoids called?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2021 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

Join Melanie on a 5K in episode 73. Phylogeny studies the evolutionary history amongst groups of organisms. It tells the story of relatedness, the branches in the road. (1:37). Be careful - just because two organisms are physically adjacent on a diagram, does not mean they are more closely related (4:05). The episode concludes with unit connections and exam tips (5:34).The Question of the Day asks (6:50) Ernst Haeckel coined the phrase “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny.” What is ontogeny?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2021 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

It is not practical to perform a Punnett square analysis on all possible combinations of all members of a population (1:24). Enter the Hardy-Weinberg equation! The Hardy-Weinberg equation is a tool biologists use not only to make predictions about a population but also to show whether or not the population is evolving. There are 5 conditions that must be met for this to be true. (2:14) Melanie break’s down the H-W equation variables and walks you through an example problem. (5:25)The Question of the Day asks (7:25) What type of genetic drift occurs when a small group of individuals gets separated from a large population?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2021 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

Search for signs of life in Episode 71. Do you know the primordial soup recipe? (1:05) Melanie recaps the when (1:46) and how (2:38) life may have begun. Scientists have gathered evidence and created models to describe their thinking (4:29).The Question of the Day asks (7:35) T/F - The first organisms on earth were likely anerobic.Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2021 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

You have enough DNA in your body to stretch to the sun and back over sixty times. And your cells need to copy it all! Episode 70 recaps the primary enzymes in DNA replication: topoisomerase (3:53), helicase (4:24), DNA polymerase (5:11), and ligase (6:11).The Question of the Day asks (7:36) When comparing pentose sugars, on which carbon does ribose have a hydroxyl group where deoxyribose does not?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2021 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

Melanie gets poetic in Episode 69. Roses are red, violets are blue. If a promoter is blocked this may be untrue. Make sure to appropriately distinguish between genes and alleles (1:59). Gene expression occurs at many levels, all of which are essential in producing an organism’s phenotype (3:03). The episode concludes with a recap of the Lac Operon - everyone’s favorite bacterial gene expression example (6:17).The Question of the Day asks (8:31) In the Lac Operon, is the promoter upstream or downstream from the operator?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2021 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

Episode 68 explores how does the structure of DNA influence the process of replication and transcription. Beginning with cell cycle placement (1:20), Melanie then distinguishes between quantity of synthesis (2:21). Zoom in further to draw 5’ to 3’ on a nucleotide (3:12). Lastly, the episode contrasts enzymes, cell types and Chargaff’s rules (5:55).The Question of the Day asks (10:10) Which nitrogenous bases are classified as purines?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2021 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

UGA and listen to Episode 67! Translation - it's kind of like riding a bike. Once you learn how, you never forget. This episode is all about codons - what they are (1:13), where they come from (2:08), how to read them, and what happens if there's a mistake (5:18).The Question of the Day asks (8:08) What is the greatest number of codons that give the same amino acid?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2021 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

Episode 66 is going to make all your puppy dreams come true! Beginning with a word nerd moment before completing a Labrador dihybrid cross (1:15). Epistatic interactions don’t always have to be in opposition, as explained in a wheat color dihybrid cross (5:07). Melanie concludes with unit and exam connections (6:13).The Question of the Day asks (7:08) What famous mouse study connects epigenetics, diet and obesity?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2021 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

Move aside Mendel! Life isn’t all peas and carrots and some rules are made to be broken. Episode 65 recaps several patterns of non-Mendelian inheritance including incomplete dominance (1:59), multiple alleles and codominance (3:21), sex linked recessive traits (5:41), recombinants (7:14) and polygenetic traits (8:14). Get ready to practice your Punnett squares!The Question of the Day asks (9:39) What organism did Sir Thomas Hunt Morgan perform genetic experiments on while developing his chromosomal theory of inheritance?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2021 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

If I flip a coin, what are the chances it will land on heads? Find out all about probability according to Mendel in Episode 64. Two of Mendel’s major observations are highly rooted in meiosis and the manner in which homologous chromosomes separate (2:08). Get some Chi-Square testing with some awesome brave corn (4:34). The rules of probability can be applied to study the passing of single-gene traits through generations (7:06).The Question of the Day asks (8:23) What male plant structure produces pollen?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2021 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

Even the closest siblings are genetically unique, thanks to a microscopic DNA dance known as meiosis. Episode 63 begins with a recap of chromosome structure and homologous pairs (1:48). In order to reduce the chromosomes number in half, the cells will need to go through PMAT twice. (2:53) When does meiosis occur and why are the haploid cells different? (7:19)The Question of the Day asks (9:35) True or false? Mitochondria are inherited through egg and sperm.Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2020 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

What did the cell say when her sister stepped on her foot? MY TOE, SIS! Episode 62 recaps the process of nuclear division which creates two identical diploid cells. (1:12) Mitosis has four main sequential events - prophase (3:57), metaphase (4:31), anaphase (5:10) and telophase (5:36).The Question of the Day asks (7:20) What protein filament creates the contractile ring in animal cell cytokinesis?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2020 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

You have the ability to respond to stimuli on so many levels - molecular, cellular, physiological, and behavioral! (0:55) Maintaining internal conditions despite external and internal changes is the basis of homeostasis. There are two types of feedback mechanisms used by organisms - negative (2:30) and positive. (4:48) Homeostasis links to several units of study in the curriculum (5:37).The Question of the Day asks (7:18) What paramecium organelle pumps out excess water when the cell is placed in a hypotonic environment?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2020 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

The cell cycle consists of interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis.(1:33) There are a number of internal checkpoints that regulate a cell's progression through the cell cycle, including cyclins(4:23) and Cdk complexes(5:23). These couple with phosphorylation to activate target proteins throughout the cell cycle.The Question of the Day asks (7:38) Some cells, like neurons, exit the cell cycle prior to the S phase - what phase are they in?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2020 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

If you are ever lucky enough to have a major scientific discovery, you’d probably name it after yourself too. Melanie recaps each scientist's background (1:05) (4:26) before discussing the main events of the Calvin Cycle (1:40) and Krebs Cycle (5:02). The Calvin cycle forms sugars in the stroma of chloroplasts while the Krebs cycle oxidizes sugars in the matrix of mitochondria.The Question of the Day asks (7:19) What group of biological molecules does the coenzyme NADH belong to?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2020 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

Like Pacman, enzymes have specific shapes, act on smaller molecules and can be destroyed by external factors. Enzymes are made of proteins - each having a unique structure for a specific function.(1:10) Melanie explains lactose intolerance (3:30) before straightening her hair for a night out (5:43). There are several environmental factors which influence enzyme functioning (6:41). Disrupt those hydrogen bonds or R group interactions and lose structure as well as function.The Question of the Day asks (9:38)Which amino acid corresponds to the start codon - AUG?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2020 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

Electrons are going to enter a membranous pinball machine in episode 57. The electron transport chain is found in the process of photosynthesis (2:10) and the process of cellular respiration.(4:30) This recap will first focus on structure and function for each respective organelle before drawing similarities (7:34) and pointing out differences. The episode concludes with unit connections and exam tips! (8:29)The Question of the Day asks (9:43) True or False?Sequentially, photosystem I precedes photosystem II in the thylakoid membrane ETC.Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2020 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

Let’s put our sneakers on and go for a run while listening to Episode 56! Melanie begins by debunking some myths to make our chemistry and physics colleagues happy (1:30). Next, remember key activation energy concepts (2:43). Lastly, analyze two graphs to distinguish between energy storing and energy releasing reactions (4:36).The Question of the Day asks (8:02) True or False? ΔG is constant in catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions.Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2020 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

Episode 55 recAPs the gummy bear experiment with potassium chloride - combustion! Combustion reactions are one subclass of oxidation-reduction reactions, or redox reactions for short. (1:00) Why aren’t our cells bursting into flames during cellular respiration?(4:08) Glucose is gradually oxidized through several steps during the process of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and the Krebs cycle (5:37).The Question of the Day asks (8:03) Glucose is oxidized, what molecule is reduced in cellular respiration?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2020 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

It's important that cell membranes establish and maintain their internal environments through selective permeability.(1:40) There are three main types of active transport - membrane pumps,(2:45) endocytosis (5:37) and exocytosis.(6:30)The Question of the Day asks (8:10) How is a cotransporter classified that moves molecules in opposite directions?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2020 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

Episode 53 brings biology, physics and chemistry all together to answer this age old question - why did the fart cross the room? Melanie begins by recapping the fluid mosaic model and kinetic energy (2:19). To get across the plasma membrane without the use of energy there are two options - sneak in between the phospholipids themselves (3:40) or use a transport protein (6:50). It's true - whoever smelt it most likely dealt it as solutes diffuse from high to low concentration.The Question of the Day asks (9:08) Describe the cellular condition of a red blood cell placed in a hypertonic solution.Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2020 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

The movement of materials through the endomembrane system is consistent through all eukaryotic cells. The episode begins with a wording deep dive (1:12) before some molecular story time (2:25). The endomembrane system includes the nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and plasma membrane (4:16). Melanie concludes the episode with unit and exam connections (5:50).The Question of the Day asks (7:00) What is the internal space of the folded Golgi cisternae called?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2020 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

Remember when Pluto was a planet? Scientists continually restructure their way of thinking as they obtain more data. Taxonomy is the science of naming organisms while phylogeny groups them based on evolutionary relationships (1:16). King Phillip wasn’t always so dull, but as microscopic life was discovered, the manner of classifying and sorting organisms needed updating (2:38). Primary differences between domains and kingdoms are cell type, DNA organization, organelles, energy acquisition and cell wall composition (3:15). The episode wraps up with unit connections and exam expectations (6:44).The Question of the Day asks (7:45) Amoebas use pseudopods for motility and ingestion. What cellular structure forms the temporary pseudopods?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2020 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

All living things are categorized into one of two cell types: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Melanie begins Episode 50 with a nerdy word dive (1:13) before distinguishing between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (2:04). Settle in for endosymbiosis story time!(5:02) The episode wraps up with unit connections and exam expectations (6:42).The Question of the Day asks (7:58) The liver has many functions, one of which is to process alcohol and detoxify the blood. Which organelle would you expect to find in greater quantity within liver cells?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2020 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

Episode 49 recaps these very diverse group of hydrophobic, nonpolar molecules. Although all containing the elements C, H and O (1:10), lipids are categorized into distinct groups: fats (2:00), waxes (4:00), phospholipids (4:40) and steroids (5:48). Can you distinguish between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid chain? Melanie wraps up the episode with Unit Connections and describes several exam exclusions (6:08).The Question of the Day asks (7:20) Besides lipids, what other group of biological molecules forms hormones?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2020 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

Formed by autotrophs and disassembled by nearly all living things - carbohydrates are the primary source of chemical energy for the cell. The elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are generally found in a 1:2:1 ratio in a carbohydrate (1:00). Carbohydrates primary function is to serve as a cellular fuel as monosaccharides (1:30) and disaccharides (2:46) whereas polysaccharides provide energy storage and structural support (3:38). It is important for organisms to have an appropriate amount of glucose available for cellular respiration (4:00).The Question of the Day asks (6:19) When a glucose ring has the hydroxyl group on the same side as the CH2OH, it is in this form.Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2020 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

While the traditional health food pyramid has really gone out the window, there is little argument that lean proteins are essential to a balanced diet. Proteins were almost crowned king of the biological molecules during the quest for heredity (1:06). Their diversity in structure is the greatest of all the biological molecules (2:35) with four levels as it bends and folds in upon itself (4:22). Proteins have a variety of functions, such as support, transport, recognition, movement, and communication (5:15).The Question of the Day asks (8:02) How many stop codons are there?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2020 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

Biology returns with Season 2! Thank you for helping us reach 31,000 downloads. Make sure to check out our website for more courses, episode study guides, virtual classrooms and tutoring (1:00). Support your favorite podcast and rock a nerdy t-shirt with our newly launched merch! (2:20) You can expect season two to take a deeper dive into cross-unit topics and integrate FRQ practice. (2:50)The Question of the Day asks (3:23) When is the 2021 AP Biology exam?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2020 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE

Melanie ventures into the aftermath of a zombie apocalypse in Episode 45. Life always finds a way. The genetic variations organisms have are random - accumulated through mutation and other meiotic chance (1:43). Competition and cooperation are important aspects of biological systems - but the playing field isn’t fair when an invasive species shows up (2:40). Who knew mussels could cause so much damage? (4:15) Humans haven’t been the kindest to the environment and our impact on ecosystems is well documented (5:10). Geological and meteorological activity also leads to changes in ecosystem structure and dynamics. Have you heard of the year without a summer? (7:10)The Question of the Day asks (8:45) During what era are we currently living on the geologic time scale?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2020 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTER

Population ecology is the study of factors that affect a population and how and why a population changes over time. Individual organisms interact with one another and with the environment in very complex ways (1:40). Population growth dynamics depend on a number of factors (2:30) and may result in exponential or logarithmic growth. if the ecosystem stays relatively stable, we can expect the growth rate to also stay the same. But upset the apple cart with other influencing factors, floods, famines, disease, invasive predator - and the r value will also change (4:50). The population cannot increase indefinitely - but reaches a carrying capacity (5:30).The Question of the Day asks (6:42) What type of species (r or k selected) has less offspring and includes parental care?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2020 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTER

We require a constant input of energy to maintain organization, grow and reproduce. Some organisms are able to maintain their body temperature internally, whereas others rely on the environment (1:15). Organisms have evolved unique reproductive strategies in response to energy availability (2:40). A net gain in energy results in energy storage or growth whereas a net loss of energy results in loss of mass and, ultimately, the death of an organism (3:40). In the natural world, organisms need maximum efficiency and energy storage strategies. Mufassa’s circle of life in the Lion King was somewhat accurate (4:40)The Question of the Day asks (6:05) How many Joules are in a kilocalorie?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2020 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTER

Isn’t evolution “just” a theory? Scientific theories are broadly accepted, combine multiple hypotheses and an abundance of evidence to explain a phenomenon about the natural world. Episode 42 recAPs the multitude of evidence supporting the theory of evolution. Zoom in to review biogeography (2:14), the fossil record (3:00), homologous structures (4:00) vestigial structures (4:55), and molecular evidence (5:38).The Question of the Day asks (7:20) What was the superocean called from Wegener’s Continental Drift Hypothesis?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2020 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTER

Episode 41 recAPs the random side of evolution. Melanie begins with a vocab review - allele, gene, heterozygous (1:00). This episode is about population genetics because populations are the level of ecological organization where evolution occurs (1:40). Mutations are the primary source of genetic variation, providing new phenotypes on which natural selection can act (2:40). It's important to distinguish between gene flow and genetic drift (3:24). Two types of genetic drift are the bottleneck effect (4:10) and the founder effect (4:50).The Question of the Day asks (6:30) “What do the p and q represent in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2020 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTER

Episode 40 recAPs Chucky D and Natural Selection. “Nothing in biology makes sense, except in the light of evolution” (1:30). Charles Darwin was not the first to propose the theory of natural selection (2:00). Competition for limited resources results in differential survival and reproduction (3:00). #thestruggleisreal. Pesticide resistance models natural selection action (4:30).The Question of the Day asks (6:12) “Which finch phenotype did Darwin most study?”Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2020 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTER

Melanie recAPs the 2020 AP Bio Exam experience in Episode 39. The exam included two FRQs with differential weighting and three different submission options (1:00). The exam had several levels of test security (2:20). The AP exams are scored on a scale of 1 to 5 and are not curved (3:00). You earn points for correctly responding to every action verb in the question (4:15). The College Board has announced an Exception Testing window! (5:00). Third times a charm?The Question of the Day asks (5:52) “What AP score do you need to receive college credit?”Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2020 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTER

Episode 38 is our second listener’s choice recAP from Instagram topic requests. Pedigrees are used to study the pattern of inheritance of a particular trait through several generations in a family (1:20). Signal transduction pathways link signal reception of a ligand with a cellular response through phosphorylation (2:38). Cellular respiration oxidizes glucose to form ATP (3:30). Eukaryotic gene regulation occurs throughout the central dogma (4:50). Successful FRQ writing involves intentional application of your words (5:44).The Question of the Day asks (7:14) “What is a prokaryote cluster of genes called when it has a single promoter? ”Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2020 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTER

Sexual reproduction increases genetic diversity in Episode 37. Chromosomes are tightly coiled DNA (1:00) and organized in homologous pairs (1:45). The three primary sources of variation within the population are chromosome segregation, independent assortment, and random fertilization (2:15). Do you remember Mendel’s laws? Some chromosomal errors cause genetic disorders (3:20). We can use pedigrees to find patterns in genetic traits (4:20).The Question of the Day asks (5:42) “During what phase of meiosis does crossing over occur? ”Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2020 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTER

It’s all about maintaining homeostasis in Episode 36! Neurons are specialized cells for conducting electrical signals and releasing chemical neurotransmitters (2:02). Axons conduct an action potential through the movement of sodium and potassium ions (3:00). The message changes from electrical to chemical at a synapse (4:30). Neurotransmitters act as ligands, binding to the postsynaptic membrane (5:20).The Question of the Day asks (6:44) “Which autoimmune disorder degrades the myelin sheath of an axon? ”Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Biology Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2020 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:[email protected] Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTER