きょんちゃみの英語ラジオ

① The doctor’s careful examination of the patient brought about her speedy recovery. ② His insistence upon her innocence made me angry. ③ Our ignorance of the law caused the misfortune. ④ Contempt of the young for the old is quite natural. ⑤ Education by the parents of their children is sometimes very difficult. ⑥ He was deeply interested in the influence of the mind on the body. ⑦ The capture of the prince by the king led to another war. ⑧ Some people may have an objection to the definition of man as a rational animal. ⑨ The conception of history as a science is a very recent one. ⑩ We must make allowances for the inability of the blind to see these marks. ⑪ Government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. (Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address) ↓ ↓ 【『四畳半神話大系』についてはこちら】 https://filmarks.com/animes/284/424/reviews/3547567

⓪ Endurance enabled him to win the race. ① The wind closed the door. ② The door closed because of the wind. ③ Heavy rain prevented us from going out. ④ We were not able to go out because of heavy rain.

① I confess I am myself so nervous a lover of accuracy that, when I have written an article, I consult the encyclopedia to make sure that I have not erred on some such matters as the sun’s rising in the east or the Pole Star’s not being one of the planets. ② He was a nice, kindly, intelligent fellow and he seemed to take as great a fancy to me as I took to him.

① A man should never be ashamed to own he has been in the wrong, which is but saying in other words that he is wiser today than he was yesterday.

① He laughed a hearty laugh. ② He has breathed his last (breath). ③ She smiled her brightest (smile). ④ I dreamed a dream in time gone by, when hope was high and life worth living. ⑤ He died a sad death.

⓪ It was such a bad storm (that) the power was out for three days. ① There were such cold winds he built a fire.

① The burglars wore gloves(,) so (that) there were no fingerprints to be found. [結果] ② Bring it nearer (so) that I may see it better. [目的] = Bring it nearer for me to see it better. ③ Please turn out the light so (that) I can sleep. [目的] ④ Turn it from time to time so (that) both sides may be cooked properly. [目的] ⑤ I packed him a little food so (that) he wouldn’t get hungry. [目的] ⑥ The air was so heavy (that) it was difficult to breathe. [結果] ⑦ (That) I couldn’t sleep, it was so hot. [程度] ⑧ You are not so sick (that) you can’t get well. [程度]

① He half-closed his eyes as though (he were) trying to recall something. ② She leaned there rigid, as if (she were) pinned to the tiles. ③ She ran forward as if (she were) to take the baby in her arms. ④ She shuddered as if (she were) in a terrible thunderstorm. ⑤ Though (he was) worn with fatigue, excitement would not allow him to sleep. ⑥ This is a good if not perfect answer. =This is a good, if (it is) not perfect (answer), answer. ⑦ It was now nearly if not altogether daylight. ⑧ It is said that the lobster when washed ashore makes no effort to get back into the water, but waits for the sea to come to him. If it does, well and good; if it does not, he simply dies. =It is said that the lobster when (he is) washed ashore makes no effort to get back into the water, but waits for the sea to come to him. If (it=the sea) (does=comes to him), (he is) well and good; if it does not (come to him), he simply dies. ⑨ You can use this typewriter, whenever (it is) necessary. ⑩ There are strong grounds for teaching foreign languages, if (they teach foreign languages) at all, at an early age. ⑪ Correct errors, if any. = Correct errors, if (there are) any (errors). ⑫ The talkie was able to do with ease what the silent film had frequently done, if (it had done it) at all, only with the greatest difficulty. ⑬ If it clears up, we will start; if not, not. ⑭ If there are daggers, the likelihood is that sooner or later there will be stabbing; if armaments wars. ⑮ The university must fit its students for society, says Newman. But what (shall I do / will happen) if there is no society for which they can be made fit? ⑯ What (does it matter) if I fall ill? The doctor lives nearby.

① Poverty is not a sin, but being ashamed of it is. ② A horse is useless, if no one can ride———a sword if no one can strike, and meat if no one can eat. ③ Money made is an accepted measure of brains. A man who makes a lot of money is a clever fellow; a man who does not, is not.

① The brother lost his sister, the husband his wife, the mother her child. ② Pure science always relates to something to be known, applied science to something to be done. ③ The French excel in wit, the English in humour; the French have gayer fancy, the English richer imagination. ④ Some of the girls spoke French, and others Italian. ⑤ After rain comes sunshine; after winter, spring; after sorrow, joy. ⑥ He studied only occasionally and so of course his marks began to fall off, some to the verge of failure. = He studied only occasionally and so of course his marks began to fall off, some (marks began to fall off) to the verge of failure. ⑦ To "read" a face is to guess at what might have been and what may still be. The noblest face reveals potential evil overcome, the vilest, potential good suppressed. ⑧ You know a war is very destructive. Crops may be trampled down, and houses burned, and things which have taken years to build up may be destroyed. ⑨ New Year's Eve is possibly the busiest day of the year in Hong Kong. All debts must be repaid, all houses swept clean, and not a scrap of dirty linen can remain in any corner. ⑩ Lost wealth may be replaced by industry, lost knowledge by study, lost health by temperance or medicine, but lost time is gone for ever.

⓪ He explained to me that the meeting would be held the next morning. ① Scientists hope to find in the mountains’ structure clues to the earth’s creation. ② The most interesting lesson Switzerland teaches is how tradition and institutions, taken together, may develop in the average man, to an extent never reached before, the qualities that make a good citizen———shrewdness, moderation, common sense and a sense of duty to the community. ③ The living Beethoven, whose memory is thus honoured, might not have obtained from his native town in the days of suffering and poverty which were so numerous during his troubled life the ten-thousandth part of the sum bestowed upon him after his death. ④ I never understand what sorts of persons have bought, I will not venture to say read, the book. ⑤ I am a perfect enthusiast in my admiration of nature; and I have looked upon, and as it were conversed with, the objects which this country has presented to my views.

① This little girl, the dog bit her. ② That money I gave her, it must have disappeared. ③ He that can discern the loveliness of things, we call him a poet. ④ The girl who has just entered the room, do you know her name? ⑤ To be or not to be, that is the question. ⑥ I wouldn’t marry her, that I wouldn’t. ⑦ In truth it matters little what the doctors of science or the doctors of philosophy think, believe, or say among themselves. What humanity thinks and believes, that is what matters.

① To know is one thing, to teach is another. ② Virtue and vice are before you; this leads to misery, that to peace. ③ He is half a fool, half a knave. ④ The book is alike enjoyable and instructive. ⑤ We aren’t here to talk nonsense, but to act. ⑥ It is not help but obstacles that make a man. ⑦ It is not I who am guilty, but he. = It is not I but he who is guilty. ⑧ He not only did something good and honourable for himself, but likewise for science. ⑨ As a father pities his children, so the Lord pities those who fear him. ⑩ Though he is rich, he still craves more. ⑪ No matter what you do, some people will criticize you, and, if you are entirely sure that you would not be ashamed to explain your action to someone whom you loved and who loved you, and you are satisfied in your own mind that you are doing right, then you need never worry about criticism, nor need you ever explain what you do. ⑫ No doubt he meant to write, but he didn’t. ⑬ He is young indeed, but he is wise. ⑭ A good plan, to be sure, but it is hard to carry out. ⑮ Because he didn’t come up to the meeting, therefore we have to punish him. ⑯ Though she had not eaten for days, yet she looked healthy. ⑰ If you love others, then they will love you. 【ノーティーバイネイチャー】 https://youtu.be/Rz1Xn1vzOM4

① The scene was cut for fear (that) children might imitate it. ② The staff of the University of Essex were all very hospitable to us foreign professors. ③ I’ll see to it, myself. ④ I myself will try it. =I’ll myself try it. =I’ll try it myself. ⑤ Individuals have each an equal right to his own view. ⑥ The creation of a world view is the work of a generation rather than of an individual, but we each of us add our brick to the edifice. ⑦ She reached the park gates. Then she looked towards him, a remote, friendly little figure, made a gesture of farewell, and disappeared. ⑧ To read what one liked because one liked it, never to pretend to admire what one did not——that was his only lesson in the art of reading. ⑨ That was a very nasty trick, spying on me. ⑩ It is difficult to answer your question how I did it. ⑪ I have no idea (as to) where he is. ⑫ There is a feeling abroad that the teaching of history leaves much room for improvement. ⑬ We are all equal in this, that we all have twenty four hours in the day. ⑭ By this he is distinguished from other animals, that he is, of all, the most imitative, and through this instinct receives his earliest education. ⑮ Man is one of the most adaptable of all living things, (which is) an honour which he perhaps shares with his constant companions, the dog and the housefly. ⑯ Through his life Jefferson wrote about twenty-five thousand letters, an amazing feat considering that he was also active in politics and farming. ⑰ At home he is a little tyrant. His wife despises him in her heart. His son runs a bit wild———a very understandable reaction. ⑱ Turner, the famous British painter, had no conventional education worth mentioning, and all his life remained an illiterate———a fact which may have sharpened his visual sensibility. ⑲ There remains the question whether we can finish this work by tomorrow.

① As you are not ready, we must go without you.[理由] ② Young as he is, he is thoughtful.[譲歩] ③ Much as I admire his courage, I cannot think he acted wisely.[譲歩] ④ As he swam across the stream the current carried him away.[時] ⑤ As (he was) a student, he lived on bread and water.[時] ⑥ As one grows older, one becomes wiser.[比例] ⑦ I am (as) tired as I’ve never been before in my life.[比較] ⑧ What we have done is insignificant as (it is) compared with what can be done.[比較] ⑨ There was, (so far) as I remember, no one present here at that time.[比較] ⑩ Treat others as you wish them to treat you.[様態] ⑪ The facts are as he says they are.[様態] ⑫ Living as I do so remote from town, I rarely have visitors.[様態] ⑬ It is impossible to remember things which have happened to one, as they really were. We colour our past experiences with those present ones which give them significance, illustrating what we are and not what they were.[様態] ⑭ Ken didn't work very hard as Tom did.[様態：「とは違って」] ⑮ The origin of universities as we know them is commonly traced back to the twelfth century.[制限] ⑯ This is the U.S.A as I saw it ten years ago.[制限] ⑰ I like the view of Mt.Fuji as seen from Lake Ashi.[制限] ⑱ Socrates’ conversations as reported by Plato were full of a shrewd humour.[制限] ⑲ All the way she sang as she walked.[付帯状況]

① The moment I heard the noise, I rushed to the spot. = At the moment (when) I heard the noise, I rushed to the spot. = (At) the moment (that) I heard the noise, I rushed to the spot. = the moment (that) I heard the noise, I rushed to the spot. = As soon as I heard the noise, I rushed to the spot. ② I sent you the news the instant I heard it. = I sent you the news as soon as I heard it. ③ I knew him the minute I saw him. = I knew him as soon as I saw him. ④ We'll be married the very moment we find a house. = We'll be married as soon as we find a house. ⑤ Return the book immediately you've read it. = Return the book as soon as you've read it. ⑥ Instantly he saw me he held out his hands. = As soon as he saw me, he held out his hands. ⑦ Directly I spoke there was a dead silence. = As soon as I spoke, there was a dead silence. ⑧ I had hardly begun to doze when I was startled by something falling near me. = As soon as I began to doze, I was startled by something falling near me. ⑨ Scarcely had he gone to bed before he heard footsteps. = As soon as he went to bed, he heard footsteps. ⑩ No sooner had he put down the receiver with a great sigh of relief than the telephone rang again. = He had no sooner put down the receiver with a great sigh of relief than the telephone rang again. =As soon as he put down the receiver with a great sigh of relief, the telephone rang again. ⑪ Hardly had he arrived when he started complaining. = As soon as he arrived, he started complaining. ⑫ No sooner had we sat down than we found it was time to go. = As soon as we sat down, we found it was time to go.

① Up and up rose the balloon, until it was seen no more.

① Men differ from animals in that they can think and speak. ② Television can be harmful in that it keeps your mind in a passive state. ③ Nothing was decided except that some step must be taken at once. ④ She would have fallen on the floor, but that he caught her in his arms.

⓪ Fantasy is a fascinating and often beautiful world, but it can also be a very dangerous world in which it is wise to know one's way about, lest one get lost and cannot find the road back to the world of fact. ① We feared lest he (should) lose his way. = We feared that he would lose his way ② We hid it for fear lest it might be stolen. = We hid it for fear that it might be stolen. ③ She dreaded lest strength to endure might wholly forsake her. ④ There was danger lest the plan (should) become known.

⓪ He is more interested in English, than in Japanese, literature. ① The feeling of utter remoteness was my first and remains my main impression of this expedition across the Iron Curtain. = The feeling of utter remoteness was my first (impression of this expedition across the Iron Curtain) and (the feeling of utter remoteness) remains my main impression of this expedition across the Iron Curtain. ② Perhaps the most striking fact about modern science is that, like poetry, it reveals depths and mysteries beyond, and, this is important, quite different from the ordinary matter-of-fact world we are used to. =Perhaps the most striking fact about modern science is that, like poetry, it reveals depths and mysteries beyond (the ordinary matter-of-fact world we are used to), and, this is important, (it reveals depths and mysteries) quite different from the ordinary matter-of-fact world we are used to.

① The river has risen, because it has rained much of late. ② It must have rained much of late, for the river is so high. ③ He met a number of people, but none whom he knew, which somewhat surprised him, for he had thought himself acquainted with everyone in the neighbourhood. ④ It’ll rain this evening, for the barometer is falling. ⑤ She never wore a hat, for she was very vain about her hair. →【補足】：例えば、彼女が帽子を被らない本当の原因は、単に「家が貧乏でおしゃれな帽子が買えないから」だったとする。それでも、発話者が「彼女は自分の髪の毛に自惚れている」という理由で「彼女は決して帽子を被らない」という判断をしたということが嘘にはならないし、発話者が本当は何を考えているのかということを外部から完全に確定することはできないので、「発話者の発言が本当は間違っている」などとは言いようがない。

① It is a fiddle or a violin. ② Commerce is buying and selling, or exchanging goods. ③ He distorted the truth, or he was lying.

① I would have known it beforehand in your position. = If I had been in your position, I would have known it beforehand. ② A hundred years ago not a doctor could have carried out such an operation. ③ One's memories of any period must necessarily weaken as one moves away from it. At twenty I could have written the history of my schooldays with an accuracy which would be quite impossible now. ④ I would be happy to be of any service to you. ⑤ Nobody but a complete fool would have believed such a thing. ⑥ Any girl dressed like that would be laughed at. ⑦ No other man could do the work. ⑧ Just a piece of bread and a glass of milk would satisfy me.

① If only she had not eaten so much garlic last night. ② Would to God that I were as strong as Charlie! ③ Oh, that the end might never come! ④ It’s high time they made friends with each others. ⑤ But for your kind help, I would have to give up the whole plan. = If it were not for your help, I would have to give up the whole plan. ⑥ I started off at once; otherwise I would have missed the last train. = I started off at once; if I had not started off at once, I would have missed the last train. ⑦ The story was told in confidence, otherwise I would tell you. ⑧ One more effort, and he would have done well. = If he had made one more effort, he would have done well. ⑨ He requested that all his mail (should) be redirected to his new address.

① She almost wished she were dead. ② I wish my father would leave me alone. ≒ I’m afraid my father will not leave me alone. ③ He pretended as if he were quite ignorant of the whole situation.

① If I had studied in my youth, I should be living a happy life now.[条件が過去で帰結が現在] = As I didn’t study in my youth, I’m not living a happy life now. ② I could show you the pictures if they had not been stolen.[条件が過去で帰結が現在] = I cannot show you the pictures because they were stolen. ③ If he were ill, we should have heard by now.[条件が現在で帰結が過去] ④ He would have passed here at about eight o’clock if he was expecting to get to school at nine. [条件が現在で帰結が過去]

① I don't think he's right. × I think he's not right. ② I hope it will not rain tomorrow.

① He is above telling a lie. = He never tells a lie. = He is not at all a liar. = He is far from a liar. = He is anything but a liar. = He is the last man to tell a lie. = He knows better than to tell a lie. ② Bad weather prevented us from starting. = We could not start on account of bad weather. ③ The problem remains to be solved. = The problem is yet to be solved. = We have yet to solve the problem. = The problem is not solved yet. ④ We tried to stop him, but in vain. = We tried in vain to stop him. = We tried to stop him without success. = We tried to stop him only to fail. = We tried to stop him, but we could not. ⑤ He can't speak English well, let alone French. = He can't speak English well, much less French. ⑥ God knows where he fled. = Heaven knows where he fled. = Nobody knows where he fled. ⑦ When he breathed his vows to her, as he had done to a hundred before her, she flattered herself that she alone had touched his heart. The devil knows best what he said, but at last she became his tool, and was in the habit of seeing him nearly every evening. ⑧ Frankly, I don't really like your plan. ⑨ Frankly, I really don't like your plan.

① It is not without reason that he complains. ② No one can fail to notice the great changes of that city. ③ You can never hurt another without hurting yourself. ④ No problem is so difficult but it may be solved. = No problem is so difficult that it may not be solved. ⑤ There is not one of us but wishes to help you. ⑥ I don’t know but it is all true. ⑦ Nobody can be sure but that she is right. ⑧ I don't doubt but that he will do it. ⑨ The amazing progress made in science nowadays is such that hardly a day passes without our reading in the newspaper some accounts of a new discovery or invention. ⑩ It was not there. I was not in the least surprised. I am never surprised when I do not find things in my pockets. Long experience has taught me not to expect to find what I want in my pockets. But on the other hand, I rarely fail to find things I do not want. 【バットを飼い慣らす動画】https://youtu.be/jCxrbgjlqRY

① At no time did the lady pay attention to others. ② In no time your mother will come back. ③ She is not a little tired. ④ She is not a bit tired. ⑤ Mary didn’t marry him because he was rich.

① Are you at all sorry for the trouble you have caused? ② If you do it at all, do it well. ③ She showed no interest whatever in politics. = She showed no interest at all in politics.

① There isn’t the least rain in that part of the country. ② There’s not the least danger.

① Without the love of books the richest man is poor ; but endowed with this treasure of treasures, the poorest man is rich. ② Just as his passion reached its height, there entered a lady who wished to buy medicine. Alarmed at what was going on, she turned again, and hurried away. Her friends were not long in learning from her that the new chemist was a most violent man, a most disagreeable man———the very last man one could think of doing business with. ③ She is happiest in my company. ④ The storm was most violent towards morning. ⑤ The building is built of marble of a most lovely colour.

① Ted is three years senior to me. = Ted is three years my senior. = Ted is three years older than I. = Ted is senior to me by three years. = Ted is my senior by three years. = Ted is older than I by three years. = I am three years junior to Ted. ② For anglers, a rainy day seems to be preferable to a fine day.

① He has more than four children. (4＜X、事実上5≦X) ② He has not more than four children. (4≧X) ③ He weighs no more than sixty kilograms. (否定的にHe=60kg) = He weighs only sixty kilograms. ④ He weighs not more than sixty kilograms. (He≦60kg) = He weighs at most sixty kilograms. ⑤ He weighs no less than sixty kilograms. (肯定的にHe=60kg) = He weighs as much as sixty kilograms. ⑥ He weighs not less than sixty kilograms. (He≧60kg) = He weighs at least sixty kilograms. ⑦ Tom is as tall as Jerry.(≧) ⑧ Tom is at least as tall as Jerry.(≧) ⑨ Tom is exactly as tall as Jerry(=) ⑩ Jerry is not as tall as Tom.(＜) ⑪ Elephant is as big as any animal on the land.(≧) ⑫ The school has not more than four or five hundred students. (500≧X)

⓪ Ema is no more attractive than her younger sister. [「クジラ」か「差がゼロ」か] ① My mother loved me no less ardently than my brother. [「逆クジラ」か「差がゼロ」か] ② She is no younger than I.[「差がゼロ」] ③ Schoolboy days are no happier than the days of afterlife. [「差がゼロ」] ④ My house is no better than a log cabin. [「差がゼロ」] ⑤ Your test result was no worse than anyone else. [「差がゼロ」]

⓪ A whale is no more a fish than a horse is. = A whale is not a fish any more than a horse is. ① I am no more mad than you are. = I am not mad any more than you are. ② A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man. = A home without love is not a home any more than a body without a soul is a man. ③ A born poet can no more help being a poet than an eagle can help soaring. ④ A whale is no less a mammal than a horse is. ⑤ I would no less feel a loss if you were gone than if I lost all my possessions.

① He has had a week’s holiday and looks all the better for it. ② if you annoy him, he’s all the less likely to help us. ③ He is a little awkward in his manners, but we cannot praise his wisdom the less.

① When you look at a flowering plant, look for details of the flower, fruit, stem, and leaves, use a magnifying glass. The more you look, the more you will see, and the more interesting flowers become. ② The more widely the habit of reading spreads, and the more the people listen to the same language used over the radio and in the movies, the less variation there will be in the speech of those speaking the same language. With these strong influences working to make language uniform, it will be but natural for language to become more stable in time as well as in space. In other words, changes in a language will come more slowly.

⓪ Father understood less of money matters than a child. ① Some medicine does more harm than (it does) good. ② He was more shy than (he was) unsociable. ③ Technique conferred a sense of power; man is now much less at the mercy of his environment than he was in former times. But the power conferred by technique is social, not individual; an average individual wrecked on a desert island could have achieved more three centuries ago than he could now. ④ The weather of yesterday was meaner than any we have experienced for years. ⑤ It is more necessary than ever for all of you to work hard. ⑥ There are few things more important than the proper care of our teeth. ⑦ We are never more in danger than when we think ourselves most secure, nor in reality more secure than when we seem to be in danger. ⑧ As a man gets richer and richer, it became easier and easier to make money. ⑨ The ship was no stronger than a nutshell. ⑩ I am not more sure that I breathe than I am that something lies behinds his sudden resignation. ⑪ No other dog is less ugly than this one. = This dog is the least ugly of all. ⑫ I’m sure no other girl is less ugly than you. ⑬ If you don’t know, I know still less. ⑭ I would rather have died than refused. ⑮ I would rather quit than do that job.= I would quit before I would do that job.

① His house is twice as big as mine. = His house is as big again as mine. ② This is twice the length of that. ③ In grain, the Japanese farmer does about twice as well, and his yield of such fruits as strawberries is probably three times as great as the average in America. ④ It might seem that a country so small as Holland could not support a large population. Nevertheless, the country has about two thirds as many inhabitants as the state of New York which is four times as large.

① No historian starts with a blank mind as a jury is supposed to do. ② Ken didn't work very hard as Tom did.

① He speaks English (as) fluently as if he were an American. = He speaks English (as) fluently as (he would speak English fluently) if he were an American. ② The boy was as wet as if he had been swimming in the river with all his clothes on. = The boy was as wet as (he would have been wet) if he had been swimming in the river with all his clothes on.

① There are few countries in which the foreign traveller is so disappointed and irritated. ② I have never felt so thirsty. ③ There has surely never been a period in our literary history when poetry was so little read and the poet so little recognized. ④ I want twice as much. = I want as much again as that. ⑤ I have two hundred postage stamps here and as many again at home.

① This tool is as useful as anything. ② She longed for her son to come, and got as uneasy as any other mother if he did not come. ③ He is as brave a soldier as (any soldier that has) ever shouldered a gun (was brave).

① In today’s world, this theory is not accepted so commonly and uncritically as was the case a century and a half ago. ② Some people will say that there are many flaws in democratic government. There are. But the fact remains that nothing so far achieved in government works so well for the greatest number and depends so little upon force as democratic systems. ③ Oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it. ④ He could not so much as write his own name. ⑤ As I had not so much as heard of it, I told him I knew nothing about it.

① He is as wise as a monkey. ② He is as poor as a church mouse. ③ They are as like as chalk and cheese. ④ I am as anxious to learn all I can about your country as you are to learn about mine. ⑤ She works as carefully as she does quickly. ⑥ The poor novelist of the bygone time has about as much chance as an accordion in a thunderstorm. ⑦ The sky is as blue as blue can be. ⑧ As many as five of the twelve soon believed that his views were just. ⑨ Mrs. Curie treated as much as twenty kilograms of pitch-blend at a time. ⑩ The work was finished as late as last month. ⑪ He made six mistakes in as many lines. ⑫ I waited for fifteen minutes——they seemed as many hours. ⑬ The lamps shone like so many stars. ⑭ He has two books, but has to buy as many more. ⑮ The boys climbed the tree like so many monkeys. ⑯ I don’t believe she had five short days’ good health in as many long years. ⑰ Here is ten dollars, and I have as much at home. ⑱ “I’ve quarrelled with my husband.” “I guessed as much.” ⑲ He was caught cheating in the examination. I thought as much. ⑳ “No, thank you.” She told me just as much. ㉑ He was greatly respected, and his brother as much despised. ㉒ He looks upon any time not spent in study as so much lost. ㉓ He was as good as dead after so much exercise. ㉔ I try to be as good as my word. ㉕ The monkey devoured every chestnut as fast as it was pulled out. ㉖ As far as the eye could reach, nothing was to be seen but sand. ㉗ He was all right as far as money went. ㉘ One may as well not know a thing at all as know it but imperfectly.

① He took whatever action he thought necessary. = He took any action that he thought necessary. ② Whoever comes will be welcome. = Anyone who comes will be welcome. ③ The new store gave a present to whoever visited it on its opening day. = The new store gave a present to anyone who visited it on its opening day. ④ I’ll sell it to whomever you recommend to me. = I’ll sell it to anyone whom you recommend to me. ⑤ He told the story to whoever would listen. = He told the story to anyone who would listen. ⑥ He told the story to whomever he met. = He told the story to anyone whom he met. ⑦ In a trying situation you can also look for whatever element of humour may be present. The ability to laugh things off has saved many an awkward situation in the classroom and social life. = In a trying situation you can also look for any element of humour that may be present. ⑧ You will find him home whenever you call on him. = You will find him home, no matter when you may call on him. ⑨ Whosever it was, it is now mine. = No matter whose it was, it is now mine.

① There has not been a statesman of eminence but was a man of industry. ② There wasn’t a human being in this town but knew that the boy was a perfect idiot.

① He offered more than could be expected. ② Young men and women meet each other with much less difficulty than was formerly the case.