今朗月读

各位好，今天的节目会跟大家分享一篇《大西洋月刊》的文章，The Power of Politeness。这篇文章认为当下的“online nastiness”，就是普遍的网络恶毒言论，已经成为了某种主流文化。原文章截图：节目中提到的英文例句与对应中文翻译：片尾：《歌·颂》—陈奕迅节目制作：策划：郑鹏剪辑：郑鹏

本期节目聊一聊，“抽象”时代，我们如何进行严肃的公共讨论。抽象时代还需要严肃的公共讨论吗？肯定需要，因为“抽象”本身并不是终点，抽象只是年轻人对这个令人失望的现实的反应。搞抽象是失去严肃的公共生活，失去了严肃的可能性的结果。因为好好的严肃的面对生活，面对世界，无法给自己带来正向的结果，于是不如搞抽象。反正再怎么努力看起来也不会有出路，普通人如何努力也不如协和的董小姐们和江西周先生们（周劼）。所以，搞抽象是意义感缺失的结果，而要解决意义感的问题，恰恰可以从严肃地参与公共讨论开始。04:55 1、为什么公共讨论重要？Why it matters？屈原，《渔夫》，“举世皆浊我独清，众人皆醉我独醒，是以见放。”司马迁，究天人之际，通古今之变，成一家之言杜甫，三吏三别，“安得广夏千万间，大庇天下寒士尽欢颜”韩愈，谏迎佛骨表（个人虽是佛教徒，但反对佛教国家）；柳宗元，《封建论》苏轼，《刑赏忠厚之至论》（高考作文）“赏疑从与，所以广恩也。罚疑从去，所以慎刑也”张岱，“有明一代，國史失誣，家史失諛，野史失臆”，石匮书梁启超、胡适、鲁迅（新文化运动）26:55 2、界定公共讨论国内公共舆论场常遇到“你懂的”这一类“默契”。“懂的都懂”。“这是说理的大环境出现了问题”。“这种沉默无语的’心照不宣’不是好的公共讨论。”“套话”；“罐头思维”。商业的和政治的宣传就是利用这样的语言来操纵和控制群众的。在复杂多变的事情面前，人们在现成的语言中找到了方便的解答，感觉到了把握形势的力量。久而久之便很容易养成一种习惯，接受一些可以免除他们思考之辛劳的简明论断。就像逻辑学家斯泰宾所说的，“一种罐装的信念是方便的：说起来简单明了，有时还带三分俏皮，引人注意。”可是我们不应当让我们的思维习惯堵塞我们的心灵，不应该倚靠一些口头禅来解除我们思考的劳苦。一些流行的话语，简化的是人的思考，然后导向犬儒的论断。“取消复杂性”比如，资本家。历史就是胜利者书写的。弱国无外交。中国人的劣根性。“落后就要挨打。”一些很轻佻的用词，这波 xxx，上大分。破防。祛魅。“xxx 的含金量还在上升”“先让子弹飞一会儿”37:20 3、如何更好地参与公共讨论？48:12 3.1、为何公共讨论质量日益低下？社会氛围“剑拔弩张”，充斥着“对人不对事”。社交媒体时代，加重断章取义。大家都处于自己的信息圈圈里。现在已经没有“城市新闻媒体”了，缺少可靠的本地新闻信源。于是讨论容易滑向“大而空”。和本地生活有关的信息，散见于公安，医院、教育等行业公号，这不仅是新的信息发布系统，也意味着新的社会结构：单向的，直接体现权力关系的，而媒体所代表的“公共”这个空间趋于消亡“公共空间”陷入一种“无公共状态”。失去了讨论基础（源头信息 basic facts）愤世但不反抗，热衷于反讽和玩梗，开着心照不宣的玩笑，感受智力和道德的双重优越，自我宽慰至少完成了反抗的姿态，以便第二天继续安然假面游行54:30 4、参与公共讨论有什么功利上的好处？1:01:29 尾声、一些推荐。《人的境况》by 汉娜·阿伦特（1964年阿伦特在芝加哥神学院的演讲稿：《劳动、工作、行动》）《明亮的对话：公共说理十八讲》by 徐贲 “little islands of a shareable world”《正义论》by 约翰·罗尔斯（许纪霖：公共正义的基础——对罗尔斯“原始 状态”和“重叠共识”理念的讨论）《公共人的衰落》by 理查德·桑内特《必须保卫社会》by 米歇尔·福柯《公共领域的结构转型》by 哈贝马斯周濂，文章《从犬儒主义到狗智主义》片尾：No Man Is an Island - Joan Baez节目制作：策划：郑鹏剪辑：郑鹏

本期节目主要聊的是“二语习得”的话题，节目内容围绕「comprehensible input 可理解性输入」展开。会从“为什么学校不可能让人掌握英语”、“为什么不背单词、不学语法才是更好的学英语方法”、“基于兴趣的Comprehensible Input 是一切的前提”这些话题展开本期节目的内容。节目最后会从书籍、podcast、YouTube channel、外刊（经济学人、大西洋月刊、纽约客、纽约时报）这些角度做一些推荐，仅供参考。节目关键词：二语习得 Second Language Acquisition、可理解输入 Comprehensible Input、语块而不是单词 Chunks not Words、语言本能 The Language Instinct先引用一句Stephen Krashen 教授的原话来镇镇场子：We acquire language in one way and only one way，when we get comprehensible input in a low anxiety environment.——Stephen Krashen，美国南加州大学荣誉教授，二语习得领域泰斗级学者，提出语言习得假说“comprehensible input”Krashen 教授的个人网站：sdkrashen.com时间轴：0:10：开场简介和“中英夹杂”预警01:12：第一部分：为什么学校不可能让人掌握英语？01:25：learning 和 acquisition 的区别，学得与习得的区别。学：有意识，学语法、背单词，要考试，严肃正式，枯燥无味。习：下意识，零语法、无单词，不考试，很不正式，很有意思。06:30：Stephen Krashen关于二语习得的五个假说：1、The Acquisition-Learning distinction 区分“学”与“习”；2、The Input hypothesis 输入假说；3、The Natural Order hypothesis 自然顺序；4、The Monitor hypothesis 监控；5、The Affective Filter hypothesis 情绪过滤网。07:55：一些基本事实，国内学生和母语国家学生的单词量对比09:55：课堂环境听到的大多都是“慢速英语”、“假”英语12:09：小学五年级第二单元课文录音12:48：黄仁勋在 2025 年 1 月29 日接受 Cleo Abram 采访的音频片段13:45：大学四级英语听力片段14:22：雅思听力真题片段16:00：一些基本事实，国内学生和母语国家学生的每周学习英语的时长对比17:45：国内英语教育的欠缺，学生听力输入量极其有限；教材的语言呈现丰富度极其有限；课外的英语读物几乎为零；19:02：学校英语教育最大的危害是，把英语当成学科教育会彻底浇灭人在习得语言时最本能的乐趣21:25：来自中国潮汕目前在美留学的 Bruce 的例子，说明“为什么人在美国并不能自动提高你的英语”26:23：Rich Brian（七哥）完全通过看 YouTube 学会一口地道美国口音英语的例子28:59：第二部分，It’s all about comprehensible input 可理解的输入29:15：来自浙江江山的方言，让各位感受一下面对不可理解输入时的感觉33:06：人脑是学习语言的大模型，只要输入的学习材料够多了，输出会自然涌现37:30：假说三 The Natural Order hypothesis 自然顺序，说明了“为什么不用刻意学习语法”39:50：家长或老师还有作用吗？有，作用是“激发兴趣，呵护兴趣”41:22：家长和老师一定要控制住自己给孩子或学生“纠错”的冲动45:25：到底要选择哪种方式学英语？make your choice47:58：AI 时代还有掌握英语的必要吗？有！因为语言打开的是“人”本身的可能性。语言可译，文化不可译。53:48：掌握一门语言的前提，一定是平日的大量积累（Comprehensible Input）。季羡林学语言的四字箴言：勤学苦练。58:30：一些比较宽泛的关于“输入材料”的建议。声明：没有最好的输入材料，自己感兴趣，就是最好的。节目里提到的书籍：《Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition》by Stephen Krashen《外语教育往事谈：教授们的回忆》by 季羡林、许国璋、王佐良等《River Town》by Peter Hessler《The Language Instinct》by Steven Pinker《Selected Essays》 by George Orwell《做孩子最好的英语学习规划师：中国儿童英语习得全路线图》by 盖兆泉《做孩子最好的英语学习规划师 2：懒人解决方案》by 盖兆泉Intro：Stylish FunkyOutro：What A Wonderful World by LouisArmstrong节目制作：策划：郑鹏剪辑：郑鹏

本期节目介绍的是一篇叫做《Addicted to Distraction》的文章。文章出自《Reading Explorer》，关于《Reading Explorer》可以点击链接收听节目第6期“Reading Explorer，据说是提高英语阅读最好的一套书？”。相信大家也都或多或少正在被或曾经被 Distraction 问题所困扰。通过这篇文章，来了解一下 nature therapy，也希望大家能有更多的时间进行 nature therapy，更好地恢复自己的注意力，提升生活幸福感。0:09：对节目内容的背景铺垫04:27：正式进入文章内容27:37：片尾 Matt Maeson - Mr. Rattlebone节目制作：策划：郑鹏剪辑：郑鹏

【说在前面】本期节目，我邀请了我的一个好朋友王向阳，来聊一聊，在这样一个严肃阅读严重式微的时代，她是如何爱上阅读的，又是为何一直坚持严肃阅读。身处个人主义的时代，即使我们只是很普通的个人，也可以养成很好的阅读习惯，而且通过阅读，给自己打开了更大的精神世界，享受其中。成为一名未经偏见污染的“普通读者”。嘉宾｜王向阳主播｜郑鹏时间轴：0:48：自我介绍+伍尔夫的“普通读者”03:46：如何养成阅读习惯？杨红樱、郑渊洁，三毛、东野圭谷，海子、顾城，《简爱》《呼啸山庄》，《看天下》《三联生活周刊》《南风窗》等等19:08：高中阶段的重要作家，加缪和王小波。“一个人只拥有此生此世是不够的，他还应该拥有一个诗意的世界。”23:44：产生过重要影响的书。陈嘉映，刘瑜，  爱丽丝·门罗。36:36：当下的阅读偏好。似懂非懂，政治哲学。46:30：自己对阅读的认识，有何变化？从喜欢引用偏门的名人名言到走出二元视角53:08：关于阅读，我的困惑。“我看过那么多书毕业了还是找不到工作啊”57:41：片尾 The Sheltering Sky本期节目提及的书籍：《普通读者》by 伍尔夫《局外人》by 加缪《鼠疫》by 加缪《西西弗神话》by 加缪《沉默的大多数》by 王小波《万寿寺》by 王小波《十三邀“我们都在给大问题做注脚”》by 许知远《送你一颗子弹》by 刘瑜《逃离》by 门罗《西方现代思想讲义》by 刘擎《走出唯一真理观》by 陈嘉映《素食者》by 韩江《那不勒斯四部曲》by 费兰特《惹作》by 易小荷《维特根斯坦传—天才之为责任》by 蒙克《月亮与六便士》by 毛姆《流俗地》by 黎紫书《雨》by 黄锦树本期节目提及的文章：《我的师承》by王小波本期节目读到的引文：《普通读者》序言“普通读者不同于批评家和学者。他所受的教育稍逊，大自然也没有如此慷慨大度地给予他优秀的天赋。他是为了个人的兴趣而阅读，不是为了传授知识或纠正他人的见解。最重要的是：他在一种本能的指引之下，用他所能获得的无论什么夹七夹八的原料，来为他自己创造出某种完整的东西——一幅人物的肖像，一个时代的速写，或关于写作艺术的一种理论。他一面阅读，一面不停地搭起一些东倒西歪、摇摇晃晃的理论结构，它看上去颇像那种可以引起爱慕、欢笑和争论的真实对象，从而给他以暂时的满足。”《逃离》中的《播弄 TRICKS》的结尾“显然，他们当时进入的是另外的一个世界。一如任何一个在舞台上虚构的世界。他们脆弱的安排，他们仪式般的接吻，由鲁莽的信心主宰着，他们竟会一门心思地相信一切都会按照设想往前发展。在这样危险的布局下，只要往这边或是那边移动一分，事情便会落空。”《我的师承》结尾“我一直想承认我的文学师承是这样一条鲜为人知的线索。这是给我脸上贴金。但就是在道乾先生、良铮先生都已故世之后，我也没有勇气写这样的文章。因为假如自己写得不好，就是给他们脸上抹黑。假如中国现代文学尚有可取之处，它的根源就在那些已故的翻译家身上。我们年轻时都知道，想要读好文字就要去读译著，因为最好的作者在搞翻译。这是我们的不传之秘。随着道乾先生逝世，我已不知哪位在世的作者能写如此好的文字，但是他们的书还在，可以成为学习文学的范本。我最终写出了这些，不是因为我的书已经写得好了，而是因为，不把这个秘密说出来，对现在的年轻人是不公道的。没有人告诉他们这些，只按名声来理解文学，就会不知道什么是坏，什么是好。”《万寿寺》结尾“一个人只拥有此生此世是不够的，他还应该拥有诗意的世界。对我来说，这个世界在长安城里。我最终走进了自己的屋子——那座湖心的水榭。……我没有点灯，也没有打开铺盖，就在杂乱之中躺下，眼睛绝望地看着黑暗。这是因为，明天早上，我就要走上前往湘西凤凰寨的不归路。薛嵩要到那里和红线会合，我要回到万寿寺和白衣女人会合。长安城里的一切已经结束。一切都在无可挽回地走向庸俗。”《走出唯一真理观》"放弃唯一真理这个想法，并不是要引来粗俗的相对主义结论。尼采提倡"视角观"，用后来的话说，他不接受上帝之眼。各有各的视角，这的确可以导致相对主义，但相对主义是绝对主义的一种变体，把自己的视角视作无法调整的。其实，我们在对话中时时都在调整自己的视角。能对话就不是相对主义。我一直说，我们不能靠把一切都归拢到一个绝对的观点之下来克服相对主义，真能消除相对主义的，相反是这样一种东西： 你要深入到自身之中，了解你真正相信的是什么。你实实在在相信一些什么，你为自己相信的东西做点儿什么。……跟你不同的人，跟你冲突的人，他有他的实在。在具体的思考和行动中跟其他的生活理想对话、互动。是的，他有虚假的虚幻的东西，因此你要与他一争，但这个过程是双方的，你也有你的虚假和虚幻，你也要在这种争执中变得越来越实在。”节目中的音乐：The Sheltering Sky by 坂本龍一节目制作：策划：郑鹏剪辑：郑鹏编辑：郑鹏Special Thanks：LAN 书店

Mainly contents of this episodeBook：“Trick Mirror：Reflection on Self-Delusion”by Jia Tolentino1、“A squirrel dying in front of your house may be more relevant to your interests right now than people dying in Africa.” ——Mark  Zuckerberg2、Algorithms reward “bad” behaviors3、How do we reclaim our sense of scale and live our life in a more meaningful way?4、Things we can try from right now

欢迎来到第六期的今朗月读这是一期比较实用的节目，介绍一套“最好用的英语阅读书”—Reading Explorer。这套书是由大名鼎鼎的美国国家地理（National Geographic）作为出品方之一，联合Cengage（圣智教育集团）这个老牌教材出版商联合制作的。

本期节目是关于《看不见的森林》的介绍，主要是围绕这本书“ 8 月 18 日地星”这一章节的内容来介绍的。这本书是作者写的观察笔记，他在美国的田纳西州森林里观察了整整一年。节目里涉及的是作者看到森林里的不速之客—高尔夫球之后，引发的一系列思考。关于人类对自然的侵入与破坏，人类与自然的二元对立（or not），关于人类的贪婪自私却又同时“自我厌恶”，关于自然其实最终可以“包容一切”。脆弱的并非自然，而是人类自身。

THE KNOWLEDGE ILLUSION（Verify  Before You Believe）AA bat and a ball cost $1.10 in total. The bat costs $1.00 more than the ball. How much does the ball cost?BIf you answered 10 cents, you're not alone-most people give the same answer (the correct answer is 5 cents). It's an example of how we often rely on intuitive responses answers we feel are true. People give answers that "pop into their mind," says cognitive scientist' Steven Sloman. We don't spend much time “reflecting and checking whether the answer ... is right or wrong.”CThe bat and ball question helps explain why we often believe in fake news. It is part of human nature to believe, says Sloman. But "the trick with fake news is to know to verify”-in other words, to stop and question what you know.DIn one experiment, Sloman and a colleague invented a discovery called helium rain. They told a group of volunteers about it, but admitted they could not fully explain what it was. They then asked the volunteers to rate their own understanding of helium rain. Most volunteers rated themselves 1 out of 7，meaning they did not understand the concept.helium：氦（符号为He，2号元素）EThe researchers then told another group of volunteers about the discovery. This time, they said that scientists could fully explain how it works. When asked to rate their understanding, the volunteers gave an average answer of 2. The scientists’ confidence gave the volunteers an increased sense of their own understanding, Sloman says.FAccording to Sloman, studies show that knowledge spreads like a contagion. This idea can be seen in many fields, including politics. "If everyone around you is saying they understand why a politician is crooked," Sloman says, “then you're going to start thinking that you understand, too.”crooked：(这里的意思是）不诚实的GAnother explanation for the spread of fake news is "motivated reasoning,” writes Adam Waytz, a management professor at the Kellogg School. We are naturally more likely to believe things that confirm our existing opinions. If you already have a negative opinion about someone, you're more likely to trust damaging stories about them. Over time, Waytz argues, "motivated reasoning can lead to a false social consensus.”consensus：共识HSo, in a world where misleading information is common, is there a way to protect ourselves? "l don't think it's possible to train individuals to verify everything that they encounter," Sloman admits. “It is just too human to believe what you're told.”IHowever, training people to care about fact-checking is important, he argues, especially in online communities. Think of the headlines and stories that are shared on your social media feed every day. Probably these fit in with your own worldview but perhaps not all of them are true.”JDevelop a norm in your community that says,'We should check things and not just take them at face value," Sloman says, "Verify before you believe.”

Ruth Jamieson, author of 《Print is Dead》. Long Live Print is confident that the public will never fall out of love with magazines, viewing them as luxury products that provide a respite from our otherwise frenzied online activity.“There's something about the physical nature that means we can't really give them up. I think it's a bit like how telephones didn't stop people meeting up face to face, nor did televisions didn't put a stop to theatre. There's still a role for magazines.”Jul. 14, 2015, The Independent“One reason is that it's really easy to publish your own magazine now,” Jamieson says. “If you have the idea then there are loads of free，or relatively cheap, tools to make it with. And then, using social media, you can find contributors and an audience. So, in a way, the very thing that was supposed to destroy magazines - the internet -is actually helping to revive them. You don't need a big office and lots of money from investors anymore.’Jul. 14, 2015, The IndependentGarnering loyalty from readers may look simple, but it is a long chain of micro-successes.XXI, a French quarterly of long-form reportage, is profitable despite carrying no ads, not putting its text online and being sold only in bookshops; it seems to depend entirely on French intellectual traditions and the concentration voracious readers in Paris.. Germany's Landlust is another print-only holdout which extols the virtues of slow-life and living in close contact with nature with a circulation of one million after seven years. As long as there are coffee tables, people will want things to put on them.Jun.9, 2012, The Economist

FUTURE OF PRINTEditor Alex SeoKurt Andersen, a former editor of New York[Magazine]and, with Mr. Carter, a founder of Spy magazine, said that print magazines were still breathing, but that the recent upheaval was a sign that the denouement might not be far off.“The 1920s to the 2020s was kind of the century of the magazine,” he said, noting that The New Yorker and Time were founded in the decade before the Great Depression.“Today,” he added,“the industry is in more of a dusk-a slow dusk-and we're closer to sunset.”——Sep. 23, 2017, The New York TimesFor a long time, digital media took cues from print, trying to recreate what worked on paper for a website or an app. lt's only been in the past couple of years that we've begun to see global changes in news and content consumption because of the internet. Even people who buy daily papers have completely changed their reading habits..——Feb. 28, 2017, ForbesThe bigger picture is that, despite all the naysayers, quality newspapers doappear to have a future-albeit as luxury goods. After all the turmoil of the past decade, though, that's kind of encouraging news.——Dec.4.2012. The New Yorker“I think Tim Wu really nailed it on NPR recently: lt's all about 'the quest for clicks’. Digital and mobile media are steamrolling away the print world. As society continues to increase the percentage of web-born youth, that print number will only decline more and more. In the not too distant future, every billboard, every bus ad, every newssource will be read/seen/watched digitally.”Jamie Diamond, media company InDinero,Jan.5, 2017, Forbes“l think the demise of print is a myth. There is enough evidence to prove thatthere will be print, and it.will continue in many forms and be available in many places. lt is an ever-changing world driven very hard by consumers and by companies that aggregate content like Facebook, but you have to adapt your business to fita) where the money is andb) where your audience is,All of these social media businesses are about telling a story and then building a business around it, and you have to be very collaborative. Those people at the top of their blogging game are knowledgeable and powerful and reach a new consumer. Why would [magazines] not work with them? Why would I not work with Instagram? It is a really brilliant place to put very beautiful images and we are in the business of beautiful images.’Lorraine Candy, former Elle UK editor-in-chief and current luxury editor for Sunday Times, Dec.12, 2016, The Guardian

TOM HANKS AS FORREST GUMPIN FORREST GUMPThe seeker. Innocence. Naivety. Courage. Humor.Living in the now. Journey's outset. Burst of energy.Everything is open, all paths available. Madness. Folly.Instability. Apathy.Winds of change sweep the fool forward. If returning to square one or starting something new, relish your freedom. Trust in new initiatives. If others see a project as foolish or crazy, it is mostly their own fear talking.Forrest Gump, explaining the importance of embracing whatever life throws your way: Momma always said life was like a box of chocolates. You never know what you're gonna get.