8. 在欧洲主导世界的时代之前,国际贸易如何在广州运作 episode artwork

EPISODE · Aug 20, 2025 · 1H 15M

8. 在欧洲主导世界的时代之前,国际贸易如何在广州运作

from 滔滔不绝 Dialogue

本期节目我们一起邀请到好朋友Jimmy,为我们介绍一本口岸史著作,《广州贸易:中国沿海的生活与事业(1700-1845)》,作者是范岱克(Paul A. Van Dyke),美国人,中山大学历史学系荣休教授。广州体制的开端最早可其实以追溯到明朝,葡萄牙人最早在珠三角建立据点,1535年(嘉靖十四年)开始在澳门开展贸易活动,到了1560年(嘉靖三十九年)当地的贸易活动已经趋于成熟,甚至开始选举葡萄牙人内部事务机构。虽然清政府在1683年收复台湾之后,于1684年解除了海禁,但对沿海对外贸易的管理规则是逐步建立的。具体到书中,作者把“广州体制”划定在1700-1842年。透过这本书我们可以了解到在欧洲主导世界的时代之前,国际贸易如何在广州运作。广州当地普通人的生活是怎样的,英国、葡萄牙等国的商人来华做生意到底要打通哪些关节,他们的成本是多少、风险有多大,当地官员怎么处理洋人的事务,广州体制下的资本市场如何运作,等历史细节。同时当我们将口岸的历史放置到更广阔的时代背景中去考察的时候,我们可以看到广州作为口岸城市在那个时代的文明交流中所起到的作用,广州的贸易兴衰也可以折射出清政府在时代巨变面前的进退失据。02:31 口岸史的魅力:虽然小众,但既有广阔的背景也有历史的细节04:47 一句话说清这本书的风格和内容05:00 始于康熙时期、终于鸦片战争(1700-1842)的广州贸易体制最早可以追溯到明朝的澳门06:40 清代欧美国家为什么都在广州开展贸易?08:47 闭关锁国的迷思与“一国一港”的策略:“广州一口通商”的说法一定要和英国绑定10:26 清人要去长崎做买卖,俄罗斯人也可以喝到晋商销售的茶叶13:34 广州作为贸易中心,既有地理位置优势,也有管理经验优势15:59 清政府眼中的欧美商人是需要严加管束的对象17:21 “重生之我是1800年的广州英商”17:53 广州贸易体制中3个重要的角色:引水人、通事和买办18:34 所谓“持牌经营”,引水人牌照是需要别在腰间接受官员检查的21:23 你需要请一位通事做翻译,但不要对他的翻译水平报多大希望26:50 你还需要雇佣买办来获取补给和航海装备30:55 来自平民的引水人、买办和通事可以靠这份工作过上殷实的生活35:28 洋行不是想开就能开,也不是每家都能暴富37:39 《红毛通用番话》和《红毛买卖通用鬼话》:早期的广东人要怎么学习英语?42:00 随着贸易规模的扩大,广州体制的弊病日益显现,走私问题也变得突出47:21 粤海关和广东地方官员的关系51:21 乾隆24年(1759年)的《防范夷商规条》,严禁中国商人向外商借贷与赊欠,这就导致了资本市场活跃参与者基本都是外国人53:08 汽船和报刊的出现对后期广州体制的崩溃有很大的加速作用54:54 海盗也是广东海面长期的麻烦59:49 清政府的视角和需求带来了广州体制的深层问题,也决定了广州体制本身很难纠偏01:03:39 再谈朝贡贸易与“闭关锁国”,清朝的落后是必然的01:11:01 治理理念和模式也要跟上时代的变迁-参考资料-【美】范岱克,《广州贸易:中国沿海的生活与事业(1700-1845)》陈国栋,《清代前期的粤海关与十三行》张晓堂,《清朝对外贸易法治研究:十七世纪中叶至十九世纪中叶》叶振鹏(主编)陈明光、陈锋(副主编),《中国财政通史》(第七卷)程美宝,《遇见黄东:18—19世纪珠江口的小人物与大世界》【美】穆黛安,《华南海盗1790-1810》【美】罗纳德·托比,《亚洲世界中的德川幕府》【英】格林堡,《鸦片战争前中英通商史》张景瑞,《清前中期外国银元在粤流通探微——兼论清代官府的货币观念及其局限性》王振忠,《18世纪唐通事眼中的中日贸易与长崎社会》中国第一历史档案馆编,《嘉庆道光两朝上谕档》-制作-封面:广州十三行音乐:丝绸之路(中央民族乐团);刺客信条黑旗船歌Randy Randy On主播:罗师、王师嘉宾:Jimmy剪辑:王师节目Logo:刀刀在小宇宙查看该单集文稿

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8. 在欧洲主导世界的时代之前,国际贸易如何在广州运作

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