A Review on the Extraction of Silica Nanoparticles from Poaceae Family via Sol-Gel

One of the valuable inorganic multifunctional chemical substances is silica, which can be found in crystalline, gel, and amorphous forms. On the crust of the earth, silica is the most complex and abundant family of materials, and it has been used extensively in ceramics, adhesives, detergents, dental materials, electronics, pharmaceutical items, and chromatography column packing. Several kinds of research have fascinated the recycling of agricultural wastes using extraction for useful products such as silica, lignin, adsorbents, cellulose, biofuels, silicon, carbon, and inhibitors. In this review article, we report most of the silica nanoparticles extracted from the Poaceae family since they accumulate significant amounts of silica, and most of them are easily found in Malaysia. This study investigates the significant amount of extracting silica nanoparticles from the Poaceae family via green technology sol-gel technique as pure silica can be produced with the potential to manage the size of the particle, size of distribution, and morphology via the reaction parameters in systematic monitoring. This technique can also produce pure silica using a low-energy method. Subsequently, the key chemical compounds that existed in silica nanoparticles are characterized and identified using FTIR analysis. According to this article, most of the Poaceae family species are considered to gain a high purity of above 90% of silica based on the quantification results. The Poaceae family is recognized for having high silicon concentrations. However, the concentration varies depending on the species.