BIAR BUKU BICARA

Medical emergencies can be alarming to any clinicians, but these situations can be managed well if proper preparation has been made. The objectives of this study are to evaluate USIM dental graduate’s knowledge in dealing with medical emergencies in dental practice, to assess perceived level of competency of USIM dental graduate’s in dealing with medical emergencies in dental practice and to determine the need for further improvement in medical emergencies undergraduate training. A standardised questionnaire form consisting of demographic data, experience, knowledge and perceived level of competency of dental practitioner in dealing with medical emergencies were distributed to USIM dental graduate.123 respondents answered the online questionnaire. Around 58.5% of them had experienced medical emergencies during dental treatment. All of them answered correctly on management of hypoglycaemia but only 44.7% answered correctly on management of unresponsive patient and 65% answered correctly on position of syncope patient. Most of the respondents were not confident in administrating intravenous medication (46.3%), handling foreign body aspiration (24.4%) and using Automated External Defibrillator (AED) (38.2%). This study can be used to guide further improvement in medical emergency training for undergraduates and enhancing the proficiency level of the USIM dental graduates.

There are two categories in the graphene preparations which are top-down and bottom-up methods. Top-down methods consist of mechanical exfoliation, chemical exfoliation and chemical synthesis reduction. Meanwhile, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), pyrolysis and epitaxial growth synthesis under bottom-up methods. Graphene has its own limitation and unsuitable for certain applications. Thus, functionalizing the graphene with selected molecules and nanomaterials may result in graphene functionalized nanomaterials that improve the feature of the graphene. Many methods can be done to synthesise graphene based on nanocomposites and cab be divided into two types which are in-situ methods and ex-situ methods. Hydrothermal methods, electrochemical deposition methods and reduction methods are categorized in in-situ methods, while covalent interaction and non-covalent interaction are categorized in ex-situ methods. Application of graphene based nanocomposite on biosensor and supercapacitor is discussed in this review paper.

Nowadays, Machine Learning (ML) plays a significant role in the economy, especially in the stock trading strategy. However, there is an inadequate extensive data analysis using various ML methods. Previous findings usually focus on the forecasting stock index or selecting a limited number of stocks with restricted features. Therefore, the contribution of this paper focused on evaluating different supervised learning algorithms, namely Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), on a big dataset from 28 stocks in Bursa Malaysia. By setting their parameter along and using Walk-Forward Analysis (WFA) method, the trading signal was evaluated based on Accuracy Rate, Precision Rate, Recall Rate, and F1 Score. For stock trading strategies in Malaysia in particular, the findings of this study show that SVM has a better performance compared to LR and XGB in time series forecasting. The ML algorithms have values ranging from 53% to 66% for Accuracy Rate (AR), Recall Rate (RR), and F1 Score (F1). In addition, SVM has the highest Precision Rate (PR) of 73% among the ML algorithms.

Background: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic is still spreading rampantly in almost every country in the world, causing around 1.5 million dead at the point of time, and the death rate is still going up even though inoculation of vaccine has started. It is widely recognized that this pandemic Covid-19 is caused by infectious pathogens from the animal. Aim: This study investigates the relationship of biodiversity loss and zoonotic disease pandemic. The main reason for this migration is habitat (biodiversity) loss which is primarily caused by deforestation. Subject and Methods: Using Pooled Ordinary Least Square (POLS) models and worldwide data collected by using biodiversity in 170 countries. Results: It was found that biodiversity loss is positively related to the emergence of contagious disease. Conclusion: This verifies once for all that deforestation must be controlled so that the chance of emergent of next pandemic is mitigated.

As a rare phenomenon, caesarean scar pregnancy has been found to be managed in many ways in literature. However, to date there lacks a general consensus on the management of caesarean scar pregnancy. In modern obstetrics nowadays, the incidence of caesarean deliveries has been rising. Due to the increase in caesarean section rates, the incidence of caesarean scar pregnancies is also on the rise. Even though the optimal management of caesarean scar pregnancy is unclear, the basic management is tailored according to the clinical presentation and fertility concerns of the individual. Herein, we report a case of a ruptured caesarean scar pregnancy which was managed surgically via emergency laparotomy and hysterectomy

The optimization method is vital in chemical synthesis and has been applied in many fields nowadays. Response surface methodology (RSM) is an example of an optimization method that is useful in examining the effects of multiple independent variables. RSM was applied in many studies to optimize the transesterification of biodiesel production from palm oil in the presence of a catalyst. This paper aims to provide an overview of recent catalyzed transesterification trends, as well as the benefits and drawbacks of heterogeneous, homogeneous, and enzyme catalysts in biodiesel production. RSM was used to design the process and statistically analyze the interaction effects of the independent reaction variables. The reaction variables, such as reaction time, reaction temperature, catalyst amount, and the molar ratio of the substrate, were optimized during the process. A statistical model and response surface plots were visualized graphically in the contour plots and three-dimensional figures to explain the interactive effects of variables on a response. In sum, this paper discussed the relationships between the reaction parameters and the production of biodiesel and the optimum conditions for biodiesel production using RSM.

The cosmetic sector is one of the fastest-growing industries and continuously evolving as new technology is established. Skincare, haircare, make-up, and body care items were among the products available. Cosmetic formulas have progressed in recent years, allowing for the creation of more beneficial cosmetics. In chemistry, solids, liquids, and gases are primarily physicochemical characteristics. These are typically determined by a density, refractive index (RI), oxidation state, and vibrational frequency measurement. Physical and chemical qualities show a distinct feature that aids in the formulation of an enhanced emollient and day cream. This paper focuses on physicochemical characteristics such as RI, saponification value (SV), iodine value (IV), and acid value (AV). As for this review, the use of synthesised vegetable-based wax ester was utilised to formulate emollient and day cream. The esterification of vegetable-based waxes was performed by synthesising oleic acid from vegetable-based products and oleyl alcohol in the solvent.

DNA identification method is indispensable for the detection of a plant pathogen. However, established techniques, though reliable, requires advanced equipment, and their application outside specialized laboratories is limited. Along with the advancement of molecular techniques, several isothermal amplification methods, including Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA), has been developed in this study. In fact, RPA is a rapid and sensitive amplification method, operating optimally at 37-42 degree celcius for 15 to 30 minutes with minimal sample preparation, and can amplify as low as 1-10 target copies. Furthermore, RPA has been a favourable method for the detection of plant pathogens due to its advantageous parameters. This review presents the current knowledge of RPA and its application in plant pathogen detection

Underutilization of jackfruit and demand for healthier meat product with nutritional benefits and similar taste to meat had led to this study which to evaluate the proximate composition, and consumer preference of beef sausage with different ratio of unripe jackfruit. Five formulations of beef sausage were prepared with different amount of beef to unripe jackfruit were: Control (65:0), A (48.75:16.26), B (32.5:32.5), C (16.25:48.75), and D (0:65). Results found that carbohydrate contents of beef sausage with unripe jackfruit were higher (P>0.05) than in control sausage but were lower (P>0.05) in protein, fat, and fibre content. However, results found that all sausages with unripe jackfruit were found significantly higher (P<0.05) in moisture content, and ash compared to control beef sausage. As expected, hedonic test found that consumers preferred (P<0.05) control beef sausage compared to other formulations. Beef sausage incorporated with 25% unripe jackfruit (formulation A) was the most preferred by consumers in texture, taste, and overall acceptance among all sausages with unripe jackfruit. These findings obtained that formulation of beef sausage incorporated with unripe jackfruit could be accepted by consumers.

Sustainability of energy has always become an issue globally as current energy supplies are depleting gradually. Humans were too dependent on natural gasses as a source of energy before, which brought us to this crisis as they are non-renewable energy and take up to a million years to recover. Not only that, prolonged utilization of this type of energy brought deterioration to our environment. Biofuels are one of the renewable energy sources that are favoured in the industry nowadays. They have the potential to replace non-renewable energy while simultaneously decrease the environmental damage. Sourced from various agricultural residues and other plant substances, lignocellulosic materials are capable of being converted to non-renewable energy due to their lavish availability through three basic steps, pre-treatments, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. This review seeks to observe the prospect of cassava peels as a source for biofuels production and other value-added products such as formic acid, levulinic acid, glycolic acid and vanillin.

Cancer, which is the uncontrolled division of cells, is a leading fatal disease in the world with high mortality rates. It can be treated using several methods, including radiotherapy, which involves ionizing radiation. Radiotherapy on the basis of source placement has two types, i.e. brachytherapy and external beam radiotherapy. External beam radiotherapy has evolved from 2-D conventional therapy to 3-D Conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) and then intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). Modern radiation therapy techniques such as IMRT improve dose conformity and sparing of organs at risk. Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) is a newly developed technique that uses treatment in arcs. In this report, a dosimetry comparison was performed between IMRT and VMAT. This study was conducted in the Radiotherapy Department of the Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Oncology Lahore (INMOL). Two types of cancer patients were selected for this comparison, i.e., five patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma and ten patients with Prostate Carcinoma. Simulation of these patients was done with the help of a CT Simulator. The oncologists delineated all target volumes and organs. Then suitable fields/arcs were applied, which cover volumes effectively. This was followed by the optimization of plans for both techniques for every patient. Finally, evaluating parameters were compared, including volume coverage, conformity index, homogeneity index, organ doses, and monitor units. We obtained better results of target conformity indices from VMAT (1.16 and 1.25) than IMRT (1.24 and 1.30). VMAT was better in organ sparing too. Also, VMAT shows very few monitor units (468 and 733) as compared to IMRT (2325 and 2149). On the basis of the results obtained, it was concluded that VMAT is better than IMRT. This technique will enhance treatment efficiency as it takes less time to obtain the required results. Also, a very less scatter dose will be delivered to the patient.

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a rare condition presenting in pregnancy and still poses a challenge in its management which involves maintaining a balance between maternal and fetal well-being. This study aims to create a local registry for hematological malignancy in pregnancy and to review outcomes of both maternal and fetal outcomes. Twelve pregnancies were identified from 11 patients. 3 pregnancies were terminated upon diagnosis and 1 miscarried. One maternal death prior to decision. Out of the 6 pregnancies continued, 5 received chemotherapy during pregnancy with all successfully achieving complete remission and were delivered at 33-37 weeks gestation. All babies delivered with good Apgar score with 1 reported neonatal death. One fetal anomaly reported in a patient exposed to Decitabine in early pregnancy. Chemotherapy can be safely administered during second or third trimester with delivery planned as close to term as possible. Decitabine should be avoided during pregnancy due to its potential teratogenicity.

Within the region of India, monsoon prediction was reported to use the concentration of 7Be cosmogenic radionuclide that contains crucial information such as atmospheric behaviour change. This review aims to identify and analyse the existing research on the usage of 7Be Cosmogenic radionuclide in assisting weather forecasts, especially rain onset and withdrawal in the monsoon season and the correlations of rainfall and monsoonal variation in Malaysia. A comprehensive search of major scientific databases was conducted, and relevant studies were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria between January 2017 and August 2022. The review found that the method of utilising 7Be as a parameter in monsoon forecasting for India is newly developed and only be assessed using the trans-equatorial method. The review also highlighted the expectation that the 7Be concentration analysis throughout the years could provide new insight into understanding monsoon behaviour and can be further utilised in forecasting the rainfall intensity during a wet season in Malaysia.

Banana is one of the popular fruits among consumers due to their excellent nutritional value. However, banana peel, the fruit’s main secondary product or a significant by-product in banana processing, is generally abandoned and discarded as waste. Banana peels are rich in nutritional content such as protein, carbohydrates, fat, moisture, and ash contents. They are also high in bioactive compounds such as phenolic (flavonoids) and various types of carotenoids (lutein, alpha-carotene, and beta-carotene). Phenolic compounds effectively protect the human body against various diseases, specifically oxidative stress-related diseases. Due to all the advantages of banana peels, plenty of potential utilization could be explored, including citric acid production by Aspergillus niger, traditional medicine, foods, and pharmaceutical industries, as well as dietary incorporation. Thus, this paper discussed the nutritional contents and bioactive compounds of banana peel and their potential utilization as food additives, supplements, and pharmaceuticals. This could then help to minimize the number of agro-solid waste disposal from the food industry by processing the waste into value-added products.

The main purpose of this research is to develop a car booking mobile application for USIM students to enhance the current method of booking a car. The limitation with the current system via Telegram, a chat application, is not purposely developed for transportation service. Moreover, existing app as Grab is costly, especially for USIM students. The application's key technology is the Global Positioning System (GPS), which is built into every smartphone. A GPS receiver is used to track real-time car coordination by continually receiving location data from GPS satellites in the form of latitude and longitude information. Therefore, the goal of this research is to develop MyRide: a mobile application for car booking. Finally, a Waterfall approach was chosen for this research, and the system includes authentication and authorization capabilities as security measures.

E-commerce is defined as the selling and purchasing of products, as well as the transmission of data or payments, through an electronic network. E-commerce is driven by the internet, where customers can browse through an online store and place orders for items or services using their own devices. Online transactions are used by e-commerce businesses to charge customers for goods and services. The rising number of online transactions has increased the number of payment frauds. Payment fraud refers to any type of fraudulent or illegal transaction carried out by a cybercriminal. The criminal utilizes the internet to deprive the victim of money, personal property, or sensitive information. The objective of this research is to investigate the gaps in the existing online transaction fraud detection on e-commerce websites, to propose and develop an online transaction fraud detection using backlogging on e-commerce websites that is safe against fraud and enables simple and efficient transactions and implement security measures to prevent a breach of the proposed system. The method for this research is using the Waterfall methodology as a Software Development Life Cycle.

Avian reovirus (ARV) belongs to the Orthoreovirus genus and Reoviridae family and contains icosahedral symmetry with a double-shelled arrangement of surface protein. Avian reoviruses infection can often be seen in a broad range of avian species, including chickens, ducks, pigeons, and turkeys. These viruses can cause tenosynovitis, causing acute lameness due to swelling of one or both hock joints, and can be associated with malabsorption, hepatitis, myocarditis, respiratory disease, and enteritis. This study objective was to use the BRYT Green® based real-time RT-PCR assay in targeting the S4 segment gene for the detection of AVR, thus improving the efficiency and cost of the diagnosis. Thirty-one (n=31), including known ARV-positive samples consisting of pool organs, liver, tendon, and allantoic fluid, were selected to be tested using BRYT Green®-based real-time RT-PCR. The finding of this study showed the one-step BRYT Green®-based RT-qPCR protocol for the detection of the Reovirus S4 genome segment is a success and has advantages compared with conventional RT-PCR. This assay is time-efficient, cost-effective, user-friendly, sensitive, and highly specific. There is no doubt that this protocol can be used in many laboratory diagnoses for avian reovirus infection.

Post traumatic tibial valga, also known as Cozen’s phenomenon, is a condition of a pathologic knee valgus with variable limb shortening in the affected limb. It is a late-onset complication following a previously healed fracture of the proximal tibial metaphases. The deforming nature of the condition raises much concern for patients and their carers. Despite the appearance of deformity, the child is frequently asymptomatic. It can be treated successfully with watchful waiting and supervised neglect that can potentially span over a few years. In this case report, we emphasise the early recognition of patients at risk of this unique complication. As illustrated in this case report, not all deformity needs surgery.

Associations between periodontal disease (PD) and other diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), respiratory disease, and chronic kidney disease, have been reported. Patients with moderate to severe periodontitis have a high risk of suffering from RA and vice versa. This bidirectional relationship could be due to genetic (HLA-DR), dysregulation of the inflammatory response, and the role of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), which stimulates anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies via citrullination. This review aims to identify associated factors that contribute to RA and PD relationship and to explore the effects of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) on PD. A literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar to identify related articles published from the year 1990 to 2020 within the research interest using keyword combinations. Thirty-one articles that fit the research interest and address the research questions for both objectives were selected. As a result, the associated factors for RA and PD relationship, including genetic predisposition, immunoregulatory imbalance, and the role of P. gingivalis in the citrullination process as a risk factor of RA. Significant improvement was found in periodontal parameters in RA patients treated with biologic and synthetic DMARDs. This review reported common factors contributing to the RA and PD relationship and the benefits of DMARDs on periodontitis.

Epidermal fish mucus contains a wide range of bioactive metabolites involved with the defence mechanism. This review explores the potential of eel mucus extract for its antagonistic potential against common pathogenic microbes, which are commonly implicated in foodborne and human infections. The ability to adhere and invade the host cell and disarm the growth of other pathogenic microbes will also be discussed. Modes of action for eel mucus, including the antibacterial and antifungal properties of the bioactive metabolites, shall also be explored. Thus, this overview represents the potent bioactivities of mucus extracted from eel, which could be further explored as an alternative to antibiotics or synthetic drug agents.

The demand for meat has gradually increased throughout the years, and it is more widely ingested than plant products due to its sensory qualities as well as its high nutritional content, mainly protein. However, meat is low in calcium, dietary fibre, and vitamin C. Consumers' increased awareness of the possible links between nutrition and health has recently led to major dietary changes toward healthier food options. Furthermore, rising meat prices, vegetarianism, concerns about animal suffering, and sustainability issues have driven market trends toward meat alternatives from plant sources. As such, mushrooms are regarded as one of the healthier ingredients due to their nutritive, bioactive, and therapeutic values. The fibrous structure mimics the texture of meat and possesses an umami flavour, which imparts a meaty taste to the food products. Globally, Asian countries generate the highest percentage of overall mushroom production. The application of mushrooms, however, is limited to the fruiting bodies rather than the stems, which also contain high dietary fibre content. The stems are often discarded as food waste due to their tough texture. Researchers have begun to use edible mushroom waste and their by-products, especially stems, to create value-added products in a variety of sectors, such as the food industry, owing to their nutritional values and contributions to the circular economy and environmental protection. Thus, the primary intent of this review is to discuss the potential of underutilised mushroom stems in meat products.

Cassava peel has been a notable agricultural waste material to researchers because of its potential to produce sugar, a valuable product in the food, agricultural, and cosmetic industries. The peels constitute lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose, also known as lignocellulosic biomass. Cassava peels must undergo a pre-treatment method to separate the lignocellulosic material effectively. This study aims to investigate the optimal chemical pre-treatment methods and optimal pre-treatment concentration to produce sugar from cassava peel. Cassava peels were pre-treated with sodium hydroxide, sulphuric acid, and methanol with a catalyst (organosolv). Then, enzymatic hydrolysis was performed using cellulase to hydrolyze cellulose to glucose. The glucose yield is quantified using Dinitrosalicylic Acid Assay and a portable blood glucometer. The results showed that pre-treatment using sodium hydroxide at a concentration of 0.05 M at 121°C for 15 minutes gave the highest glucose yield of 4.53±1.20 mg/ml. Glucose produced from 0.05 M sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and 0.2 M organosolv sodium methoxide (MeOH+NaOAc) were 3.55±0.68 mg/ml and 3.29±0.93 mg/ml, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that the effect of different pre-treatment methods and pre-treatment concentrations had a significant glucose yield (P<0.05). Similarly, there was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the glucose yield under different pre-treatment concentrations. Further study on mechanical-assisted chemical pre-treatment methods is recommended.

Keropok lekor is a famous fish-based traditional food from Terengganu, Malaysia. Due to the progressive cultivation activity of oyster mushrooms in Malaysia and their high nutritional values, they were selected to be incorporated in keropok lekor formulations to replace a partial percentage of fish flesh. In this study, the determination of nutritional composition and physical as well as evaluation of sensory acceptability of oyster mushroom-containing keropok lekor were carried out. Three formulations of keropok lekor with different ratios of fish flesh to oyster mushroom were prepared as follows: control (100:0), sample A (75:25), and sample B (50:50). In terms of nutritional composition, the results found that the value of ash, moisture, and carbohydrate contents of keropok lekor with oyster mushroom substitutions were significantly higher (P<0.05) than control keropok lekor. However, the experimental keropok lekor (sample A and sample B) had significantly lower (P<0.05) protein and fat contents than the control sample. The highest value of hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, and chewiness of the control sample (100% fish flesh) was obtained in comparison to keropok lekor substituted with oyster mushroom. In the context of colour, the value of L* (whiteness) increased by substituting oyster mushrooms into keropok lekor formulations due to the light colour of the mushroom. The 9-point hedonic scale test indicated that consumers’ preferences for experimental keropok lekor (sample A and sample B) were significantly (P<0.05) higher scores as compared to the control sample in terms of texture, taste, and overall acceptance. In contrast, appearance, colour, and aroma attributes obtained lower scores. The findings also suggested that replacing fish flesh with oyster mushrooms in keropok lekor has great potential to be commercialized in the market and represented as a new variety of keropok lekor in the food industry.

The quality of drinking water is a key priority from a human health perspective. The present study was conducted to assess the physico-chemical quality of bottled drinking water marketed in Zomba City, Malawi. Seven bottled water brands were analyzed for pH, EC, TDS, K, Na, Ca, Mg, NO3-, F-, Cl- and total water hardness using standard methods. The results of the analysis were compared with Malawi Standard (MS) 560 for natural mineral water, MS 699 for bottled water other than natural mineral water, and the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water. The results showed that EC, TDS, Cl-, NO3-, F-, K, Na, Ca, and Mg in all the bottled water brands complied with MS 560, MS 699, and WHO guidelines for drinking water. Further, four bottled water brands had their mean pH below the minimum MS 560 and MS 699 value of 6.5. Comparison of the analyzed water quality parameters with the reported label values showed considerable variation in both exaggeration and undervaluing. This study has also shown that all brands had low fluoride content as compared to recommended levels by MS 560 and MS 699. The paper suggests the need for strict monitoring to check bottled water quality compliance.

Under the cash-crop category, sweet potato (Ipomoea Batatas L.) has the second widest plantation area (3, 623 hectares) in Malaysia, after sweet corn. The sweet potato crop had been grown for its edible tubers, leaving behind the top parts of the plants, which led to abundant agricultural waste, around 10 tonnes per hectare. Early studies showed that haulm (unused tops of the plants consisting of stem, stalk, and leaf) from sweet potato plants are a potential source of nutritional contents, including bioactive materials and antioxidants. Suppose the haulms or other fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) are utilised as these nutrient sources benefit Malaysia in terms of consumption and economy, promoting agricultural sustainability. In this study, the sweet potato haulm undergoes slow-juicing, heat-treatment, and freeze-drying. This research focused on elucidating the physicochemical and anti-nutrients analysis of pasteurised and unpasteurised sweet potato haulm juice powder (SPHJP) (water activity, colour analysis, water solubility index, oxalic acid, and phytic acid) as a potentially edible product. Results significantly showed that pasteurised SPHJP had lower water activity (0.34 aw), lower anti-nutrients concentration (oxalic acid and phytic acid), and a higher water solubility index than the unpasteurised SPHJP (p<0.05). It is proven that heat treatment is crucial when utilizing green waste material, as it can reduce the availability of anti-nutrients and increase its potential as a replacement for other green vegetables. Further study must be conducted to convert this underutilised agricultural product into biofertilisers, bioplastics, biofuels, or nutraceutical products.

Rendang is a popular traditional cuisine in Southeast Asia, particularly Malaysia and Indonesia. Rendang ingredients vary according to different countries and mainly consist of spices, coconut milk, and meat, either chicken or beef. Spices such as coriander, fennel, cumin, ginger, galangal, lemongrass, garlic, and onion used in rendang mostly contributed to its antioxidant properties. However, the beef rendang's antioxidant properties may be lost due to the long cooking period. This study aims to determine the effect of cooking time and temperature on the extraction yield and antioxidant properties of beef. Rendang samples prepared using lean beef and mixed with coconut milk and other spices were collected every hour up to five hours of cooking. The samples were subjected to methanol extraction for total phenolic content (TPC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay using Folin-Ciocalteu and DPPH solution, respectively. The data were analysed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's test. Data for extraction yield showed that rendang samples cooked for one and two hours had significantly lesser yield (p<0.05) than those cooked for three to five hours. For TPC analysis, rendang that was cooked for three hours had the highest total phenolic content (8.018 ± 0.911 mg GAE/g) (p<0.05) compared to those that were cooked for one, two, four, and five hours (4.205±0.364, 2.368±0.127, 2.746±0.080, and 1.839±0.110 mg GAE/g). For the DPPH assay, one-hour beef rendang sample had the lowest EC50 (20.278±0.733 µg/ml) (p<0.05) followed by those cooked for two, three, four, and five hours (39.041±1.368, 40.143±4.502, 48.338±2.115, and 58.159±3.060 µg/ml), indicating a low EC50 value which exhibited high antioxidant power. It can be concluded that antioxidant properties were significantly lost due to prolonged heating with increasing cooking time.

Retirement planning is particularly significant for an individual since it ensures that the individual's financial demands are met during the post-retirement period. A good plan prior to retirement is associated with significantly higher life satisfaction after retirement, given that many people spend a significant portion of their lives after a lengthy employment period. Personal retirement planning, on the other hand, is up to the individual. To ensure a comfortable retirement, employees must make a deliberate decision to set aside some of their earnings. However, past studies on retirement planning show that workers in Malaysia have made little or no preparation for their retirement. They only realize the need for retirement preparation when their savings are not enough to cover post-retirement expenses. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of attitude towards retirement, goal clarity, social influence, and financial literacy on the preparedness and confidence of private sector employees in Malaysia. Aside from that, the study intends to compare employees' retirement preparedness and confidence by gender as well as age group. The data for this study was collected through the use of a questionnaire. This study used ordered probit regression to see the effect of the determinants on retirement preparedness and confidence. The results of the study showed that attitude towards retirement, goal clarity, social influence, and financial literacy have a significant positive effect on retirement preparedness and confidence. Apart from that, male employees are found to be more prepared and confident to retire compared to female employees. Finally, employees between the ages of 31 and 40 are the most prepared and confident in their ability to retire. The study's findings have important implications for the retiring population in order for them to plan ahead of time so that they can survive throughout their retirement phase.

In this research, the target user of UniPlanner: Student Academic Planner will be focused on USIM students. It is a system used to help student manage their time. The purpose of developing this system is to maximize and improve the time management of USIM students, organize their daily life and increase the effectiveness of their studies. The description of the problem to be solved, how the system works, the methodology, and the tools used in the development will be discussed in this paper. Overall, this system will include with calendar, planner, notes, watch and timer, and CGPA calculator. These functions can lead to the betterment of student performances in academics.

In the present work, this research is a web-based halal system that shall be helping people to ensure and enlighten their food of buying is halal without any doubt. In this modern day, most people have had at least one food e-commerce application handheld, for example, GrabFood, Foodpanda, or ShopeeFood. These applications similarly work wonders by having vendors registered in their system along with the foods sold. Users can swipe through the menu depending on their desire, pay instantly cashless and wait for the food to arrive at their doorstep. It is undoubtedly a very helpful application, especially during this pandemic era when we could avoid being in a crowd for lunch or dinner. However, in these apps, halal status is not being prioritized strictly, and there are times when the users overlook that the vendor is a non-halal restaurant, or the food is. Therefore, this research entitled ‘TryEat’ Variety Halal Food E-commerce System is meant to overcome the issues, where it aims to monitor every in-process food making, the vendor’s halal status, ingredients used, and strictly prohibited any doubting elements throughout the registration phase. Meanwhile, the word ‘variety’ in the research title is due to the uniqueness of this system, which emphasizes the colors of food from various races. This also explains the chosen name of the web-based application, ‘TryEat’, which brings a similar sound as ‘try it, encouraging people to try something new. The methodology used to develop this research is by Waterfall Model to ensure that the development process runs smoothly, the system works well, and achieves the research’s objectives.

Perfumes and fragrances are seen as an essential part of life in many countries, and many men and women use perfumes regularly. Originally, the perfume ingredients were derived from natural sources such as essential oils. However, these natural ingredients encountered challenges, such as poor crop quality, a limited supply of supplies, or difficulties using plant or animal extracts. Hence, with the development of synthetic organic chemistry in the 19th century, many ingredients were produced synthetically, resulting from the creativity of laboratory chemists, and used in today’s perfumes. Acetal is one of the synthetic aromatic chemicals used as ingredients in perfume nowadays. This paper review focuses on synthesis and characterization techniques for analyzing acetal derivatives of 2-methyl-3- (4-R-phenyl)propanal and their perfumery application, such as odor characteristics.

SQL injection attacks are critical security vulnerability exploitation in web applications, posing risks to data, if successfully executed, allowing attackers to gain unauthorised access to sensitive data. Due to the absence of a standardised structure, traditional signature-based detection methods face challenges in effectively detecting SQL injection attacks. To overcome this challenge, machine learning (ML) algorithms have emerged as a promising approach for detecting SQL injection attacks. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review on the utilisation of ML techniques for SQL injection detection. The review covers various aspects, including dataset collection, feature extraction, training, and testing, with different ML algorithms. The studies included in the review demonstrate high levels of accuracy in detecting attacks and reducing false positives.

This paper presents the planning process for a mobile application for senior citizens called Wise Assist. According to the World Health Organization, Malaysia will become an aged country, and it has been reported that one in six people will be over 60 years of age by 2030. Along with this prediction, there are several suggestions expressed by the Deputy Minister of Women’s, Family, and Community Development to develop initiatives and innovative ideas that can contribute to the welfare and enrich the lives of the elderly in Malaysia. Therefore, this research aims to develop a mobile application that provides services to help caregivers ensure that senior citizens receive proper age care and allow them to perform their daily tasks easily. Although many applications are developed nowadays, the main issue is targeted at senior citizens. In this case, they are one of the groups that need attention because although modern information technology products are affecting the younger generation’s lifestyle, they have a much smaller impact on senior citizens. In general, although this application will be used by caregivers, in a broader context, it will have a large impact on the lives of senior citizens. For example, caregivers can book a companion for senior citizens whenever they need one, such as going to an appointment for dialysis or other medical appointment purposes. This application mainly targets caregivers or family members who have difficulty or issues in accompanying senior citizens for medical checkups whenever they have other schedules that conflict with the date of the appointment by booking an assistant who will accompany senior citizens at home while they are not available. Therefore, it is highly recommended that caregivers use this application to ensure that senior citizens receive proper health care.

Thin gingival phenotype and thin labial plate bone morphotype predispose lower anterior teeth to gingival recession. Free gingival graft has become one of the periodontal plastic surgeries of choice in dealing with aesthetic demand, impaired hygiene care, and dentin hypersensitivity secondary to the gingival recession. The prognosis of free gingival graft as a single augmentation procedure for root coverage is usually good and predictable with proper post-surgery care and maintenance. In this case report, a 28-year-old female patient having gingival recession that was associated with interproximal attachment loss less than to the buccal site, limited keratinised tissues, and thin gingival phenotype in relation to teeth 31 and 41 that was treated using autogenous graft which harvested from hard palate mucosa with satisfactory postoperative results.

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also known as pseudotumour cerebri, has an estimated incidence of 1 to 2 in 100,000 people per year. IIH commonly affects obese young women, where its pathogenesis, however, is not clearly understood. Patients present to the emergency department with a wide array of presentations. In light of this, we present a case of isolated sixth cranial nerve palsy in a non-obese young woman due to IIH in which brain imaging studies showed no abnormality; however, lumbar puncture reveals an opening pressure of more than 50 cmH2O. This case would help to alert physicians to consider IIH as one of the differential diagnoses when encountering such cases, as an uncommon presentation in the non-obese patient, and prompt referral is important to avoid unnecessary delay in the treatment of IIH.

The purpose of this paper is to review the new management policy in medical imaging of the Covid-19 post-pandemic transition. This paper discussed the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) introduced by the Ministry of Health (MoH) Malaysia to prevent and control intrahospital transmissions of Covid-19. A conceptual framework is proposed to highlight the key areas in the national SOP for preventing Covid-19 intrahospital transmissions in the radiology department. The key areas were classified into four categories: planned requests (patient appointments), (ii) open-access management (walk-in patient workflow and the triage system), (iii) direct contact (during radiology procedures), and (iv) exit policy and disinfection (post imaging conduct). The paper ends with a summary of diagnostic imaging classifications based on chest radiographs (CXR) and Computed Tomography (CT) images of suspected and confirmed Covid-19 patients. The Covid-19 SOP for the radiology department by the MoH was found to retain most of the patient quarantine and isolation guidelines by the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and incorporated several international policies on patient triage and disinfection of radiological equipment. The majority of the SOP is also sustained, like the SOP during the pandemic, except for the SOP that has been proven to be insignificant by recent research. The Covid-19 SOP for the radiology department plays an important role in reducing the intrahospital spread of Covid-19, with some areas needing improvement. Health workers in the radiology department should continue implementing the Covid-19 SOP and increase their knowledge in identifying Covid-19 signs on radiographic images to help safeguard themselves and the patients from intrahospital transmissions.

The demand for health supplements (HS) has skyrocketed in Malaysia and around the world in recent years. The demand for supplements keeps rising as more people show an interest in maintaining their health. Vitamins, minerals, nutritional supplements, and herbal supplements (botanicals) are popular health items. These medications are available over the counter and often come in pills, powder, or liquid form. The endemic effect of COVID-19 anticipates that people will look outside of vaccines for HSs to support their body’s immune system. The study investigates the Malaysian public’s awareness, consumption, and perception or belief about HSs, especially the antecedents to the reason for consuming HS. Purposive sampling and snowball methods were used to solicit data from the Malaysian public by employing a self-administered questionnaire in this cross-sectional online survey. Note that 478 responses were received, but 418 were usable (yielding an 87.45% response rate). The key findings demonstrated a statistically significant chi-square where there are positive associations between the antecedents of Malaysians consuming HS, including country of origin, the Internet, liquid form of HS, and loss of body fat, with a strong magnitude of association. The findings in this study provide a valuable indicator for scientists, researchers, producers, sellers, and marketers to identify the marketability of their invented HS products.

Vanillin is one of the most commonly utilized aromatic flavoring chemicals in the food and cosmetics industries. It is derived from natural sources, making it more expensive than synthetic vanillin, and it constitutes less than one percent of the annual market demand. Pineapple peel stands out as a valuable source for extracting ferulic acid, which in turn is utilized in the synthesis of vanillin. As a result, researchers are exploring alternative methods for producing vanillin, such as biotechnological production from ferulic acid. In this study, the capability of pineapple peels as a substrate for the microbial fermentation of ferulic acid by Aspergillus niger to produce vanillin in a single step was investigated. The biotransformation of ferulic acid from pineapple peel by alkaline hydrolysis was optimized using different concentrations of NaOH. Further, the detection and quantification of vanillin and ferulic acid were carried out using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method. Through HPLC analysis, the amount of vanillin concentration produced from the supernatant culture was 1.47±0.24 µg/ml from 1.0 M NaOH concentration and 2.83±0.44 µg/ml from 2.0 M NaOH concentration. From this study, 57.09±1.84 µg/ml and 83.84±4.01 µg/ml of ferulic acid were produced from the 1.0 M NaOH and 2.0M NaOH, respectively. In addition, using the TBA technique, vanillin concentrations were calculated, resulting in 12.92 ± 0.54 µg/ml and 15.38 ± 0.77 µg/ml from 1.0 M and 2.0 M NaOH concentrations, respectively. Briefly, the pineapple peel has been discovered as a good source for vanillin production using Aspergillus niger in the fermentation method.

The application of plant-based waste materials as functional food ingredients in meat products has gained popularity owing to their nutritional richness and contributions to the circular economy and environmental protection. As such, mushroom stems are one of the potential ingredients to be used in muscle products as a meat alternative, as they mimic the texture of meat. Therefore, this study aims to determine the physicochemical properties and nutritional composition of chicken patties with grey oyster mushroom stems. In this study, five formulations of chicken patties were prepared with different ratios of chicken meat to the grey oyster mushroom stem: control (65%:0%), A (55%:10%), B (45%:20%), C (35%:30%), and D (25%:40%). The chicken patties were analysed for cooking characteristics, physicochemical properties, and nutritional composition. Results found that the grey oyster mushroom stem-based patties recorded higher (P<0.05) cooking yield and moisture retention as compared to the control. The addition of grey oyster mushroom stems increased (P<0.05) the lightness (L*) due to the white colour of the grey oyster mushroom stems. No significant difference (P>0.05) was observed in all formulations of patties' hardness, chewiness, springiness, and cohesiveness attributes, but the increment of grey oyster mushroom stems in chicken patties decreased the value of all these attributes. Nutritional composition of chicken patty of formulation D (40% grey oyster mushroom stems) recorded significantly the highest (P<0.05) moisture and crude fibre compared to other formulations. In addition, the energy content of chicken patties significantly decreased (P<0.05) proportionally with increasing levels of grey oyster mushroom stems. This study indicated that grey oyster mushroom waste is a promising meat alternative ingredient that has great potential to be used in attaining meat products with enhanced nutritional and sustainability profiles in the current sector.

Thin film based on gold nanoparticles or AuNPs is typically used as catalyst in the industrial processes due to their high stability and good reusability. In this work, a thin AuNPs-silica composite film was fabricated firstly from sol-gel method by mixing gold pyrazolate complex to a medium comprised of ethanol, deionized water, and hydrochloric acid followed by addition of tetrabutyl orthosilicate as silica source. Next, 70 microliters of the sol-gel solution were spin-coated on several type of substrates such as glass, anodized aluminium oxide or AAO, and combination of both to yield gold complex-silica composite film. It was found that gold complex-silica composite film fabricated on combination of both AAO-glass substrate gave the best quality based on its surface thickness, layer uniformity and film brittleness. Later, the film was selected and subjected to thermal hydrogen reduction at 210 degrees Celsius for 2 hours to facilitate the formation of gold nanoparticles to give AuNPs-silica in AAO-glass film. Before the heat treatment, the light-brownish colour of the original gold complex-silica in AAO-glass film in daylight will appear as a pinkish red film under UV light, suggesting the interaction between gold atoms and supported by its luminescence spectrum at 692 nm. Upon heat treatment, the resulting AuNPs-silica in AAO-glass film gave a deep-red colour indicating the successful formation of AuNPs. The presence of AuNPs in the film was further confirmed based on the absorption peak at 545 nm, X-ray diffraction pattern at 38.20 degrees for d111 plane in wide-angle region, transmission electron microscopy images showing a small and sphere shape particles as well as its elemental composition in energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Moreover, scanning electron microscope images also suggested that the AAO pores is fully filled with the composite and is in accordance with its surface roughness study via atomic force microscopy analysis.

One of the valuable inorganic multifunctional chemical substances is silica, which can be found in crystalline, gel, and amorphous forms. On the crust of the earth, silica is the most complex and abundant family of materials, and it has been used extensively in ceramics, adhesives, detergents, dental materials, electronics, pharmaceutical items, and chromatography column packing. Several kinds of research have fascinated the recycling of agricultural wastes using extraction for useful products such as silica, lignin, adsorbents, cellulose, biofuels, silicon, carbon, and inhibitors. In this review article, we report most of the silica nanoparticles extracted from the Poaceae family since they accumulate significant amounts of silica, and most of them are easily found in Malaysia. This study investigates the significant amount of extracting silica nanoparticles from the Poaceae family via green technology sol-gel technique as pure silica can be produced with the potential to manage the size of the particle, size of distribution, and morphology via the reaction parameters in systematic monitoring. This technique can also produce pure silica using a low-energy method. Subsequently, the key chemical compounds that existed in silica nanoparticles are characterized and identified using FTIR analysis. According to this article, most of the Poaceae family species are considered to gain a high purity of above 90% of silica based on the quantification results. The Poaceae family is recognized for having high silicon concentrations. However, the concentration varies depending on the species.

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a derivative of cellulose that shares its biodegradability, biocompatibility, and renewability while being soluble in water and some organic solvents. It is due to these characteristics that the aerogel produced from CMC will share these advantages. In this study, we produced CMC carbon aerogel from different concentrations of CMC aerogels (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%) and under different carbonisation temperatures (300 °C, 400 °C, 500 °C, 600 °C, 700 °C and 800 °C) for a period of 1 hour and 2 hours. The prepared CMC carbon aerogel samples were then analysed based on the difference in mass loss, which differed according to the varying experimental parameters. In temperatures varying from 300 °C to 600 °C, there was a decrease in mass loss as the concentration was increased due to the physical properties of the CMC aerogel. At higher temperatures of 700 °C and 800 °C, the mass loss at higher concentrations of CMC increased due to the completed decomposition and carbonisation of CMC aerogel.

Abstract— Image classification of land use using aerial scene classification has become increasingly common around the world. Utilizing the power of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), identification of various city township areas using satellite imagery has become more efficient compared to the previous manual labeling. The objective of this research is to build a convolutional neural network model for residential and commercial area identification. In the research, we also adopted Inception V3 and VGG16 to develop two transfer learning models for the identification system. The Inception V3-based model achieved the highest overall accuracy value of 100%, showing its effectiveness in accurate residential and commercial area identification. The proposed CNN model achieved an accuracy of 99%, while the VGG-16 model with all configurations being frozen achieved 99% accuracy.

This paper presents the planning process of the HOMERESC mobile application, the home service system. In contemporary times, locating companies or individuals providing home repair services has become increasingly challenging. Home repairing services in Malaysia encompass a range of maintenance and renovation tasks to enhance the condition and functionality of residential properties. Some examples include the Taman Seri Berembang flat building, which was formerly in critical condition. A 22-year-old complex of flats with 30 homes was discovered to be damaged and unsafe to live in. Therefore, a mobile application named "HOMERESC" Home Service System was developed to address all the issues and ensure the welfare of users. The name ‘HOMERESC’ was chosen to represent this application's ability to "rescue" all damaged homes. An Agile methodology has been used to build this system, ensuring the project’s goals are met and the development process goes smoothly. The implication of the research suggests that the mobile application offers a secure and viable solution for home repair services. In conclusion, the research demonstrates that the HOMERESC mobile application could enhance the safety and welfare of residential property owners.

Lupus with overlap syndrome is an uncommon autoimmune disease that typically affects teenage females. It can present as various symptoms affecting multiple organs. Delay in the diagnosis of lupus will lead to deleterious effects on the implicated adolescents’ health. The case report aims to describe the diagnostic challenge of a refractory skin disease leading to a delay in diagnosis and highlight its psychosocial impact. Here, we describe a case of a teenager who presented with poorly controlled chronic dermatitis. The chronic dermatitis was refractory to the first-line therapy of topical steroids and emollients. She was finally diagnosed with lupus and overlap syndrome, confirmed by a skin biopsy. In conclusion, any chronic refractory skin diseases warrant further referral and investigation at the tertiary centre. Assessment of psychosocial in managing chronic skin disease in adolescent is essential as it could implicate their mental health further.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) training is an essential component of medical education, equipping students with life-saving skills to respond effectively in emergencies. Following a CPR training program, this study investigates the impact of medical students’ knowledge and confidence levels as they facilitate hands-on CPR sessions for their peers. Through a review of literature and empirical analysis, this research elucidates the benefits of peer-assisted learning in CPR education. Results indicate a significant improvement in both knowledge and confidence levels among facilitators following the CPR training program. Overall, the findings highlight the invaluable role of medical student facilitators in enhancing CPR training outcomes and fostering a culture of peer support and empowerment within the medical community. This study underscores the significance of integrating peer-assisted learning strategies into CPR education programs, providing medical students with opportunities for both personal and professional growth. By leveraging the expertise and enthusiasm of medical student facilitators, educators can enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of CPR training initiatives, ultimately contributing to improved patient outcomes and community resilience in emergencies.

In conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), carbon compounds are commonly utilised as the anode owing to their great performance, low cost, and abundance. However, due to the limited storage capability of pure carbon materials that restrict further improvement of LIBs, zinc oxide (ZnO) has been one of the promising anode materials to be used as an alternative to strengthen the electrochemical performance of LIBs due to its high theoretical capacity of 987 mAh g-1. This study aims to synthesise ZnO:Al nanowires using the hot-tube thermal evaporation method. Three types of samples are made using this method by varying the concentration of 0 wt% (S1), 3wt% (S2), and 6 wt% (S3) of aluminium (Al) during the Al deposition process. The EDX findings indicated that the sample has a high proportion of zinc (Zn) and oxygen (O), with the S3 sample having the highest Al concentration after being deposited. The most substantial diffraction peak for XRD of all samples was found at (101), exhibiting a single crystalline hexagonal structure with optimum growth direction on the c-axis. For EIS analysis, the S3 sample has the lowest bulk resistance and maximum ionic conductivity. In conclusion, the ZnO sample with 3 wt% of Al as a dopant was selected as the optimum result to synthesise a homogenous surface of ZnO:Al with good crystallinity by using a hot-tube thermal evaporation process and giving the best conductivity in electrochemical performance.

There are a few bright and intelligent students who have a poor level of achievement in mathematics. They think that mathematics is a boring subject and not important in daily life. A special module named the Al-Khawarizmi Number Basis Module will be used as an intervention step for students who need this guidance and support to achieve excellence in mathematics, increase their level of understanding of professional mathematics, and give encouragement to Muslim students in cultivating a mathematical life. The main objective of this research is to develop a game card for gifted and talented Muslim students at Kolej PERMATA Insan, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia. This module helps students enhance their understanding and achievement in mathematics. This module contains three main topics, namely rational numbers, factors and multiples, and standard form. The effectiveness of this module needs to be evaluated and analyzed carefully. This way, the module can improve the level of achievement and understanding of gifted and talented Muslim students, which can then be shared with students that are in mainstream schools. In completing this module, students are also tested with a game card called Find and Match: Al-Khawarizmi Robot of Number (Riz and Ron). Then, students will undergo a pre-test and post-test to assess their level of achievement. The implementation of this module can increase understanding and strengthen the professional knowledge of mathematics among gifted and talented Muslim students and encourage students to cultivate mathematical knowledge throughout life.

Quantum entanglement has its own major role in quantum information theory. Its application in numerous areas namely quantum computing, quantum cryptography and quantum teleportation are proven vital and essential. Over the last decades, the interests in quantum entanglement have grown and significant progress in quantum computing has been revealed. However, the classification of entanglement was proved to be challenging especially in a higher qubit-dimensional system setting. In this review, indexed literature as the secondary resource was chosen by specific keywords from several database. In reference to the literatures review, there exists several entanglement classifications protocols that will be presented in this paper namely local unitary (LU), local operations and classical communication (LOCC), and stochastic local operations and classical communication (SLOCC). This study will offer a better understanding of quantum entanglement and the entanglement classification protocols.

This paper presents the planning process for CyberLeap, a security awareness game for adolescents. In today's digital age, adolescents navigate a world filled with both opportunities and threats. CyberLeap adopts a novel approach to cybersecurity education in recognition of the significance of providing youngsters with the necessary skills to navigate safely (aligned with Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 4: Quality Education and 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions). This casual online game is aimed towards teenagers, drawing them in with interactive tasks that simulate real-life situations, such as password management and phishing attempts. CyberLeap makes learning enjoyable, whether by solving a challenging quiz on secure password creation or identifying a phishing email that appears legitimate. CyberLeap is an educational and entertaining platform that empowers teenagers to become responsible digital citizens by providing a range of tasks, clear feedback explaining correct and incorrect responses, and a rewarding system with points, awards, or even leaderboards. As a result, there may be a safer online atmosphere due to their increased awareness of cyber threats and the encouragement of appropriate online conduct. In the end, CyberLeap advances a more promising cyber world in which teenagers can prosper and confidently explore the immense possibilities of the internet. The implication of the research suggests that integrating engaging, game-based cybersecurity education like CyberLeap into adolescent learning can significantly enhance digital safety and responsibility, contributing to a more secure online environment and supporting SDGs related to quality education and strong institutions. The research concludes that CyberLeap effectively enhances adolescents' cybersecurity awareness and accountable online behaviour through interactive, game-based learning, fostering a safer digital environment and supporting quality education and strong institutions.

Various methods are used to validate information retrieved (IR) from unstructured text. Measuring the effectiveness of IR systems is an important focus of IR research, based on sample retrieval for testing combined with evaluation measures. Evaluation measures include both quantitative and qualitative aspects. Quantitative measures assess precision, recall, and benchmark scores, while qualitative measures focus on relevance, user satisfaction, and usability. As the quality of information retrieved is of importance to humans, the use of competency questions (CQs) has been introduced, particularly, in the case of information retrieved from Al-Quran - to validate the output. As the design of CQs usually relies on expert support, which can limit usability for general users seeking guidance, this research proposes using basic fact-finding 5WH questions. These are fact finding why, what, how, where, when and who questions. It is proposed to use these as CQs to test the relevance of Verses/Ayats retrieved on the basis of common text-patterns found in Al-Quran. We propose this methodological approach using 5WH CQs to test the competency of retrieved information, focusing on popular concepts like Salat, Zakat, and the Sun. It is found that sample Ayats retrieved on the basis of text-patterns found answer fundamental questions such as WHY? For example, why pray Salat? or why was the Sun created? Results show that this method evaluates the relevance and usability of IR systems. Further work based on repeating text-patterns in the Al-Quran is recommended to test whether this evaluation approach can help ontology learning.