Bioactive Compounds of Salvadora persica (Miswak): Extraction, Characterization and Role in Tooth Decay Prevention

Miswak (Salvadora persica) has been widely recognized for its efficacy in promoting oral health and preventing dental issues. This study aimed to extract, characterize, and evaluate the active compounds in miswak using the maceration method. Chemical analysis reveals that miswak is rich in fluoride, silica, and benzyl isothiocyanate, which contribute to its antimicrobial, antiplaque, and anticariogenic properties. Methods were to extract and evaluate the active compound in miswak using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectrophotometry and assessed its performance via eggshell test. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of phosphorus and calcium related compounds essential for dental health, such as calcium phosphate. Key functional groups, such as P-H at wavenumber 2323.50 cm⁻¹ and SI-O-C at wavenumber 1087.68 cm⁻¹ were identified in both powder and extract forms of miswak. Evaporation reduced the presence of phosphorus related compounds, potentially altering the chemical composition. UV-Vis analysis demonstrated higher absorbance values in original miswak at 25x and 75x dilutions compared to prepared miswak indicating a higher concentration of active substances. Electronic transitions in UV-vis indicated the presence of functional molecules vital for dental health. Performance tests using eggshells showed that miswak toothpaste protected against acidic environments (e.g., black coffee and carbonated drinks), reduced staining and emphasized its protective qualities due to fluoride miswak content. The findings also validated miswak as natural, cost-effective oral hygiene solution especially in resource limiting areas.