第2164期:As Climate Changes, Herders Feed Reindeer

As he drives slowly across snow, Nils Mathis Sara drops food on the ground for hundreds of his reindeer to eat. His animals live in Finnmark, the northernmost point of Norway.当尼尔斯·马西斯·萨拉（Nils Mathis Sara）缓慢地驶过雪地时，他将食物撒在地上，供他的数百只驯鹿吃。 他的动物生活在挪威最北端的芬马克郡。But Sara wishes he did not have to feed them.但萨拉希望他不必喂它们。"This is an emergency situation," said the 65-year-old Sara. "I am not supposed to feed them. They are supposed to feed me."“这是紧急情况，”65 岁的萨拉说。 “我不应该喂他们。他们应该喂我。”Sara is Sami, an ethnic group native to the northern areas of Norway, Sweden, Finland, and the Kola peninsula of Russia.萨拉（Sara）是萨米人，原产于挪威、瑞典、芬兰北部地区和俄罗斯科拉半岛的一个民族。Normally, the reindeer find their own food. They dig through the snow to reach small plants, called lichen, buried below.通常，驯鹿会自己寻找食物。 他们在雪中挖掘，以获取埋在下面的小植物，称为地衣。But every winter for the past ten years, Sara has had to buy food to help the animals live through the cold season. Winter temperatures in the area can drop to as low as minus 40 degrees Celsius.但过去十年里，每年冬天，萨拉都必须购买食物来帮助动物们度过寒冷的季节。 该地区冬季气温可降至-40 摄氏度。Until recently, only snow fell during the winter months in Finnmark. But in recent years, the weather has been warmer, with temperatures sometimes rising above freezing. That means rain, instead of snow, falls on the ground. Then, when the temperature drops, that water turns to ice.直到最近，芬马克郡的冬季才下雪。 但近年来，天气变暖，气温有时会升至冰点以上。 这意味着雨而不是雪落在地上。 然后，当温度下降时，水就会变成冰。The thick ice makes it difficult for the reindeer to reach the lichen. "It is especially hard for the younger reindeer, as their hooves are not strong enough to break through," Sara said.厚厚的冰层使驯鹿很难到达地衣。 “对于年轻的驯鹿来说尤其困难，因为它们的蹄子不够有力，无法突破，”萨拉说。One morning in March, Sara and a family member put down about one and a half metric tons of food for the reindeer. The two men have been doing the same thing every other day since February.三月的一个早晨，萨拉和一名家人为驯鹿准备了大约一吨半的食物。 自二月份以来，这两个人每隔一天就做同样的事情。"I should really be doing this every day, but economically it does not make sense," said Sara.“我真的应该每天都这样做，但从经济上来说，这没有意义，”萨拉说。Feeding the animals can also bring unexpected results.喂养动物也能带来意想不到的结果。Later that day, Sara sees hundreds of reindeer in his reindeer feeding area. But, the reindeer do not belong to him.那天晚些时候，萨拉在他的驯鹿饲养区看到了数百只驯鹿。 但是，驯鹿不属于他。Sara quickly drives over to the herder of the other reindeer. He asks the herder to move the animals out of the area. The reindeer had come to Sara’s area because of the smell of the food Sara had put on the ground.萨拉很快就开车到另一头驯鹿的牧人那里。 他要求牧民将动物移出该地区。 驯鹿来到莎拉所在的地区是因为莎拉放在地上的食物的气味。In addition, reindeer are semi-wild. Normally, herders follow the animals as they look for food under the snow. But feeding the animals makes them slowly become less wild and depend more on humans.此外，驯鹿是半野生的。 通常，牧民会跟随动物在雪下寻找食物。 但喂养动物会让它们慢慢变得不那么狂野，并且更加依赖人类。This makes the Sami people live more like farmers than herders. Sara says this goes against the Sami’s traditional way of living.这使得萨米人的生活更像农民而不是牧民。 萨拉说这违背了萨米人的传统生活方式。"When we feed the reindeer, they change their behavior and become more accustomed to humans," Sara said. "This is not our way."“当我们喂养驯鹿时，它们会改变行为并变得更习惯人类，”萨拉说。 “这不是我们的方式。”