Ep18 朱熹与「理」：宋明理学的形而上学

船的本性是更容易在水上行驶，如果硬要拖着它走在路上，反而费力又不合适。为什么船有这样的特性？从事物的本性到人之价值、人生意义等诸多方面，朱熹认为，要解释这些事实，我们必须假定有一种无形的实体或根源——「理」 （Pattern）。儒家哲学中许多技术性、系统性的理论，实际上是在宋代之后，由更为精深的思想家们逐步发展出来的。本期播客着重讨论「新儒家」思想家中的杰出代表——朱熹关于「理」的形而上学思想，并邀请到Stephen C.Angle教授 参与讨论。本期包括： 朱熹怎么看对事实与价值的区分 整体主义与个人主义伦理路径的对比 朱熹世界观中对于类似宗教信仰的态度（以及他为什么不认同）时间轴0:00 Part 1 —— 预告 Ep20「儒学🆚佛学」的辩论（线下录制！）10:57今日主题引言：什么是「宋明理学/新儒家」？15:54 Part 2 —— 朱熹的形而上学15:55介绍嘉宾Stephen Angle22:50宋明理学概述27:24朱熹对「理」的阐释30:33节选自《大学或问》31:39使人信服「理」的原因是什么？What would motivate someone to believe in Pattern?35:25「穷理」的目标是否完全服从于伦理的目的？ Is the goal of "understanding Pattern" wholly subordinate to ethical goals?40:01通过「格物」发现「理」42:12为什么「理」不止是人造的产物？Why Patterns aren't just products of human artifice45:27 朱熹整体论：「理一而分殊」54:35为什么不能仅凭内省而得到「理」？Why we can't just grasp Pattern through introspection56:59 「理」与「气」的关系1:02:45「理」是否具有因果作用？Does Pattern have causal power?1:05:11「理」使万物可为人知、可被解释Pattern makes things intelligible and explainable to humans1:07:49关于「理」的发现：直接法与间接法的争论 Debates about direct vs. indirect methods of discovering Pattern1:09:18 为什么「理」必须内在——自然性，诚意和知行转化的可能性 Why Patterns must be internal --naturalness and the possibility of wholehearted and transformative knowledge1:14:15信仰「理」是否需要宗教信仰？Does belief in Pattern require religious faith?1:24:56嘉宾结尾答问重点讨论段落朱熹对「理」的定义：至于天下之物、则必各有所以然之故、与其所当然之则。所谓理也。(Some Questions on theGreater Learning [大学或问]  A/512; Angle and Tiwald’s translation)目前节目持续更新中，每周一与你见面，欢迎订阅收听！如果你有任何想法或建议，欢迎在评论区留言，或前往 Warp, Weft, andWay 网站参与讨论。其他参考资料Stephen C. Angle (more about him and his research)The Pursuit of Happyness 电影《当幸福来敲门》(film with Will Smith)Neo-Confucianism (宋明理学)ZhuXi 朱熹 (1130-1200CE)Medieval philosophers outside of China: St. Anselm, Augustine, Duns Scotus, Thomas Aquinas, Moses Maimonides, Averroes, and AvicennaStephen C. Angle, Growing Moral: A Confucian Guide to LifeStephen C. Angle and Yutang Jin, Progressive Confucianism and its CriticsStephen C. Angle and Justin Tiwald, Neo-Confucianism: A Philosophical IntroductionDai Zhen 戴震 (1724-1777, later critic of ZhuXi)Chen Lai 陈来, 朱熹哲学研究 (Research on the Philosophy of Zhu Xi)Wang Yangming 王阳明 (1472–1529)Stephen C. Angle, Sagehood“Wholeheartedness criterion”(discussed in Steve’s and Justin’s Neo-Confucianism and Justin’s article, “Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism“)Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855)(the name from which the adjective “Kierkegaardian” is derived, as in “Kierkegaardian faith”)Pascal’s WagerAnalects 11.12 「未知生，焉知死？」Daniel Gardner, translator, Learning To Be a Sage (translates many of Zhu Xi’s comments on reverential attention)关键名词中英对照Pattern (理), also translated as “principle“格物 (“investigating things,”“getting a handle on things”)生意 (“life impulse”)理一分殊 (“Pattern is one, but itsmanifestations are many”)天理 (Cosmic Pattern, HeavenlyPattern)敬 (“reverential attention”)气 (vital stuff, “ch’i“)太极 (Supreme Pivot, Great Ultimate)特别鸣谢 The Hong Kong Ethics Lab 的支持和赞助，以及 Warp, Weft andWay 网站对讨论环节的支持。主持人：Richard Kim's websiteJustin Tiwald's website音频剪辑 & 中文 show notes: Lena在小宇宙查看该单集文稿