Khatchig Mouradian and Hans-Lukas Kieser, *The I.B. Tauris Handbook of the Late Ottoman Empire: History and Legacy*. London: Bloomsbury, 2025.

Bringing together insights from fifty distinguished and emerging scholars, *The I.B. Tauris Handbook of the Late Ottoman Empire* delves into the academic discourse that has developed in recent decades regarding the Late Ottoman period and its enduring impacts. The handbook is structured into seven chronological sections, comprising thirty-four chapters and eight additional essays, guiding readers from the late eighteenth century through to the early twenty-first century. The initial two sections concentrate on the Ottoman Empire before the Young Turk Revolution of 1908. Section III examines diachronic themes such as Arab and Kurdish nationalism, missionaries, and Zionism. Sections IV and V focus on the post-1908 era, characterized by the emergence of the Young Turks (notably the Committee of Union and Progress), the Great War, and considerable violence. Section VI addresses the treaty system established after the Great War and its long-lasting effects, while Section VII explores the post-Ottoman realities that are closely linked to the late Ottoman legacy. This volume also features two bibliographies, a timeline of political events, and a reflective afterword on the current state of the field. By analyzing the scholarship and its interdisciplinary aspects, and highlighting mass violence as a crucial element in the region's history, this handbook serves as an invaluable resource for researchers, diplomats, students, and general readers.