Defenders Podcast

Dr. William Lane Craig continues his critique of the preterist view that Christ's "coming" as the Son of Man was fulfilled in the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70. He argues, first, that the New Testament consistently describes this coming as visible and public: witnessed by everyone, not a secret event hidden from history. Second, he contends that Christ was already reigning as the risen and ascended King well before AD 70, so the Olivet Discourse can't be describing his enthronement in that year; it's better read as his future return as conquering King. Third, and most decisively, Paul ties Christ's coming to the bodily resurrection of the dead, which plainly did not happen in AD 70, a problem so sharp that even interpreters sympathetic to a preterist reading, as N.T. Wright's own remarks show, end up treating Paul's resurrection hope as a separate, still-future event. Dr. Craig explains why, despite its appeal, he can't accept Preterism as the solution to the New Testament's expectation of Christ's return.

Continuing the series on the Second Coming, Dr. William Lane Craig examines the Preterist view, the position, defended by scholars including G. B. Caird, R. T. France, and N. T. Wright, that the coming of the Son of Man predicted in Jesus' Olivet Discourse already happened in AD 70 with the destruction of Jerusalem. On this reading, the Great Tribulation was the horror of the Roman siege of Jerusalem, and the apocalyptic imagery of Mark 13 (e.g., darkened sun, falling stars) is symbolic language paralleled in Isaiah 13, Ezekiel 32, and Peter's Pentecost sermon in Acts 2, not a literal description of the end. Dr. Craig walks through the Preterist case, including its appeal to Daniel 7 for the Son of Man's heavenly enthronement rather than an earthly return, and explains why Mark 13:30, "this generation will not pass away," is really what drives the view. He finds it initially attractive for solving that verse, but ultimately unpersuasive: like the Rapture view, Preterism ends up requiring an invisible coming of Christ before his final return.

Does the New Testament actually teach a secret "rapture" before Jesus' final return — or is that idea being read into the text rather than out of it? In this episode, Dr. William Lane Craig wraps up his case against the Rapture view by turning to the passage its defenders lean on most: 2 Thessalonians 2, where Paul tells the Thessalonians not to be shaken by claims that "the day of the Lord" has already come.Dr. Craig walks through Jesus' Olivet Discourse, Paul's letters to the Thessalonians and Corinthians, and a strange episode in 2 Timothy where two men taught that the resurrection had already happened — testing each passage to see whether it points to a two-stage return of Christ or a single, unmistakable Second Coming.

Dr. William Lane Craig continues his examination of the "secret rapture" view, tracing Paul's language about the Lord's coming through 1 and 2 Thessalonians, 1 Corinthians 15, and Jesus' own words in John 5 and Mark 13. He argues that the "coming of the Lord" in 1 Thessalonians 4 and the resurrection described in 1 Corinthians 15 are one and the same event as Christ's visible, glorious Second Coming and not a separate, secret snatching away of believers beforehand. Comparing the Greek vocabulary Paul uses (parousia, episynagoge) with Jesus' Olivet Discourse, Dr. Craig concludes that Scripture gives no basis for a pre-tribulation rapture distinct from Christ's final return.

Continuing the study of the Second Coming, Dr. William Lane Craig examines the popular "rapture" view — the idea that Christ will secretly return to snatch believers away before a visible Second Coming and the Great Tribulation. Tracing the doctrine's origins to 19th-century dispensationalist John Darby and its spread through the Scofield Reference Bible, Dallas Theological Seminary, and pop-culture works like Left Behind, the lecture tests the rapture view against key biblical texts, including Jesus's Olivet Discourse and 1 Thessalonians 4, to ask whether Scripture actually supports a two-stage return of Christ.

Dr. William Lane Craig opens the eschatology unit of Defenders 3 with a study of the Second Coming of Christ. He surveys Old Testament messianic prophecy (Isaiah 9:6-7, Isaiah 11:1-10, Daniel 7:13-14) as background, then turns to Jesus' Olivet Discourse in Mark 13, where Christ predicts wars, persecution, the "desolating sacrilege," and his own return "in clouds with great power and glory." Craig notes roughly 250 New Testament references to Christ's return and previews next week's look at Paul's parallel teaching.

Dr. William Lane Craig evaluates competing views of the Lord's Supper — transubstantiation, consubstantiation, and the Reformed spiritual-presence view — before defending his own position that the Lord's Supper is a memorial ordinance rather than a sacrament. He argues transubstantiation lacks scriptural support, showing that Jesus' words of institution and the "bread of life" discourse in John 6 use the same kind of symbolic, Semitic imagery found elsewhere in Paul (the rock as Christ, Hagar and Sarah as the two covenants) and throughout John's Gospel (new birth, living water, spiritual food), where literalistic readings are consistently shown to be misunderstandings. He also contends that a literal eating of Christ's body confuses the nature of his physical, humanoid resurrection body. He extends similar objections to consubstantiation, adding that it improperly mixes Christ's human and divine natures in violation of Chalcedonian Christology. Turning to the Reformed view, he argues that Christ's spiritual presence in the Supper is real but no different from his presence in prayer, worship, or fellowship generally, concluding that the Supper is best understood as a memorial in which believers remember Christ's death, examine themselves, confess sin, and commune with him spiritually.

Having examined the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation in previous episodes, Dr. Craig now turns to three more views of the Lord's Supper. He explains the Lutheran doctrine of consubstantiation — where Christ's body and blood are present alongside the bread and wine, grounded in Luther's doctrine of the communication of attributes (communicatio idiomatum). He then contrasts this with Calvin's Reformed view of a spiritual presence and communion with Christ, and finally with Zwingli's view of the Supper as a memorial ordinance rather than a sacrament. Next time: an assessment of these four competing views.

Dr. William Lane Craig continues his examination of the Lord's Supper with a deep dive into the Roman Catholic doctrine of the Eucharist as a sacrifice. Beyond transubstantiation, Catholics hold that the Mass is a propitiatory offering to God for the sins of both the living and the dead. Dr. Craig traces this doctrine from Irenaeus's early view of the Eucharist as a thank offering, through its codification at the Council of Trent, to its further development at Vatican II — exploring what it means for Christ to be "re-presented" to God in each celebration of the Mass.

Defenders: Doctrine of the Church (Part 9): Transubstantiation

Defenders: Doctrine of the Church (Part 8): The Lord’s Supper

Defenders: Doctrine of the Church (Part 7): Believer’s Baptism

Defenders: Doctrine of the Church (Part 6): Infant Baptism

Defenders: Doctrine of the Church (Part 5): Baptism as an Ordinance - Continued

Defenders: Doctrine of the Church (Part 4): Baptism as an Ordinance

Defenders: Doctrine of the Church (Part 3): Baptism as a Sacrament

Defenders: Doctrine of the Church (Part 2): Baptism

Doctrine of the Church (Part 1): Introduction

Defenders: Doctrine of Salvation (Part 21)

Defenders: Doctrine of Salvation (Part 20): Warnings Against Apostasy

Defenders: Doctrine of Salvation (Part 19): Perseverance of the Saints - Arminianism

Defenders: Doctrine of Salvation (Part 18): Perseverance of the Saints - Calvinism

Defenders: Doctrine of Salvation (Part 17): The Grounds, Means, and Results of Justification

Defenders: Doctrine of Salvation (Part 16): Imputed Righteousness

Defenders: Doctrine of Salvation (Part 15): New Perspective on Paul Continued

Defenders: Doctrine of Salvation (Part 14): The New Perspective on Paul

Defenders: Doctrine of Salvation (Part 13): Assessment of Competing Views of Justification

Defenders: Doctrine of Salvation (Part 12): Different Views of Justification

Defenders: Doctrine of Salvation (Part 11): How Regeneration Occurs

Defenders: Doctrine of Salvation (Part 10): Regeneration / New Birth

Defenders: Doctrine of Salvation (Part 9): Application of Mystical Union to Our Lives

Defenders: Doctrine of Salvation (Part 8): Metaphors for Mystical Union

Defenders: Doctrine of Salvation (Part 7): The Mystical Union with Christ - Continued

Defenders: Doctrine of Salvation (Part 6): The Mystical Union of the Believer with Christ

Defenders: Doctrine of Salvation (Part 5): Evaluation of Calvinism and Arminianism

Defenders: Doctrine of Salvation (Part 4): Arminianism Continued

Defenders: Doctrine of Salvation (Part 3): Regeneration and Arminianism

Defenders: Doctrine of Salvation (Part 2): Election and Calvinism Continued

Defenders: Doctrine of Salvation (Part 1): The Doctrine of Election

Defenders: Doctrine of Man (Part 28): Freedom of the Will and Romans 10

Defenders: Doctrine of Man (Part 27): The Catholic View of Freedom of the Will

Defenders: Doctrine of Man (Part 26): Freedom of the Will

Defenders: Doctrine of Man (Part 25): A Continued Evaluation of Original Sin

Defenders: Doctrine of Man (Part 24): Evaluating the Doctrine of Original Sin

Defenders: Doctrine of Man (Part 23): Original Sin: Semi-Pelagianism, Reformation, Enlightenment, Modern Era

Defenders: Doctrine of Man (Part 22): Original Sin

Defenders: Doctrine of Man (Part 21): Evaluating the Nature of Sin

Defenders: Doctrine of Man (Part 20): The Fall of Man and the Nature of Sin

Defenders: Doctrine of Man (Part 19): Man as Sinner

Defenders: Doctrine of Man (Part 18): Putting It All Together