The Body of Evidence

Chris and Sophie provide an update on the Enhanced Games. They happened and the story, bad enough as it was, got a little a bit worse. Go back in time with us to review why allowing athletes to dope without consequences is “a farce, an extremely dangerous one” Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected].   Hosts:     Christopher Labos & Sophie Tseng Pellar Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer   Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.   References: Sophie’s original article on the Enhanced Games: https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/critical-thinking-student-contributors-health-and-nutrition/faster-higher-stronger-enhanced Popular press coverage of the games: https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6374748/2025/05/22/enhanced-games-world-records-kristian-gkolomeev/ The story of the 15 year old Russian skater Kamila Valieva who lost her gold medal after taking trimetazidine https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/jan/29/russia-figure-skater-kamila-valieva-four-year-doping-ban-beijing-winter-olympics\ The TRAVERSE trial on the cardiovascular safety of testosterone https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2215025

In our first summer series episode, we review a topic that keeps coming back. Hormone therapy for menopause. It was a thing, then it stopped being a thing, now it’s a thing again.   Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected].   Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer   Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information. References:  Geographic variability of menopausal symptoms   1) Nappi RE et al. Global cross-sectional survey of women with vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause: prevalence and quality of life burden. Menopause. 2021 May 24;28(8):875-882. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001793.    2) Nappi RE, et al.  Prevalence and quality-of-life burden of vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause: A European cross-sectional survey. Maturitas. 2023 Jan;167:66-74. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2022.09.006.    What’s the normal duration of symptoms   3) Avis NE, et al. Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. Duration of menopausal vasomotor symptoms over the menopause transition. JAMA Intern Med. 2015 Apr;175(4):531-9. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.8063.  The Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) studies   Rossouw JE et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002 Jul 17;288(3):321-33. doi: 10.1001/jama.288.3.321.    Anderson GL et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004 Apr 14;291(14):1701-12. doi: 10.1001/jama.291.14.1701.   Decline in HRT after WHI studies   Sprague BL, Trentham-Dietz A, Cronin KA. A sustained decline in postmenopausal hormone use: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2010. Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Sep;120(3):595-603. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e318265df42.   Danish Osteoporosis Prevention Study Schierbeck LL metal. Effect of hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular events in recently postmenopausal women: randomised trial. BMJ. 2012 Oct 9;345:e6409. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e6409.   Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS) Harman SM, et al. Arterial imaging outcomes and cardiovascular risk factors in recently menopausal women: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2014 Aug 19;161(4):249-60. doi: 10.7326/M14-0353.   Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS) Hodis HN et al. Vascular Effects of Early versus Late Postmenopausal Treatment with Estradiol. N Engl J Med. 2016 Mar 31;374(13):1221-31. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1505241.    Stopping hormonal therapy   Berman RS et al. Risk factors associated with women's compliance with estrogen replacement therapy. J Womens Health. 1997 Apr;6(2):219-26. doi: 10.1089/jwh.1997.6.219.   Grady D, Sawaya GF. Discontinuation of postmenopausal hormone therapy. Am J Med. 2005 Dec 19;118 Suppl 12B:163-5. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.09.051.   Tapering vs. abrupt stop or hormonal therapy   Haimov-Kochman R et al. Gradual discontinuation of hormone therapy does not prevent the reappearance of climacteric symptoms: a randomized prospective study. Menopause. 2006 May-Jun;13(3):370-6. doi: 10.1097/01.gme.0000186663.36211.c0. PMID: 16735933.

Susan Gerbic and the Guerilla Skepticism on Wikipedia project are trying to do the impossible. They are trying to fact check the internet. You too can join this vital work and make the internet a slightly more scientifically accurate place.     Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected]. Hosts:     Christopher Labos Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer   Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information. References: More on the Guerilla Skeptic project: https://www.abouttimeproject.org/ Her facebook page if you want to be in touch and join the group: https://www.facebook.com/Gerbic  

Are light runs (Zone 2 runs) better than heavier workouts? Sophie goes on a semi-manic tangent in her most enthusiastic episode yet to answer whether less intense exercise might actually help your fitness level, aerobic threshold and mitochondrial efficiency. Also, Chris tells a funny marathon story and a viewer question tries to fact-check to the fact checkers on whether walking and running burn the same amount of energy.   Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected].   Hosts:     Christopher Labos & Sophie Tseng Pellar Editor:    Robyn Flynn Researcher: Auriane Journet Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer   Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information. References: 1.   Storoschuk, K. L., Moran-MacDonald, A., Gibala, M. J., & Gurd, B. J. (2025). Much Ado About Zone 2: A Narrative Review Assessing the Efficacy of Zone 2 Training for Improving Mitochondrial Capacity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in the General Population: KL Storoschuk et al. Sports Medicine, 55(7), 1611-1624.  2.   Mølmen, K. S., Almquist, N. W., & Skattebo, Ø. (2025). Effects of exercise training on mitochondrial and capillary growth in human skeletal muscle: a systematic review and meta-regression. Sports Medicine, 55(1), 115-144. 3.   Inglis, E. C., Iannetta, D., Rasica, L., Mackie, M. Z., Keir, D. A., Macinnis, M. J., & Murias, J. M. (2024). Heavy-, severe-, and extreme-, but not moderate-intensity exercise increase V̇o 2max and thresholds after 6 wk of training. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 56(7), 1307-1316. 4.   McConell, G.K., Wadley, G.D., Le plastrier, K. and Linden, K.C. (2020), Skeletal muscle AMPK is not activated during 2 h of moderate intensity exercise at ∼65% in endurance trained men. J Physiol, 598: 3859-3870. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP277619 5.   Meixner, B., Filipas, L., Holmberg, H. C., & Sperlich, B. (2025). Zone 2 Intensity: A Critical Comparison of Individual Variability in Different Submaximal Exercise Intensity Boundaries. Translational sports medicine, 2025, 2008291. https://doi.org/10.1155/tsm2/2008291 6.   Harber MP, et al. Impact of Cardiorespiratory Fitness on All-Cause and Disease-Specific Mortality: Advances Since 2009. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 2017;60(1):11-20. PubMed 28286137 7.   Kodama S, Saito K, Tanaka S, et al. Cardiorespiratory Fitness as a Quantitative Predictor of All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events in Healthy Men and Women: A Meta-analysis. JAMA 2009;301(19):2024-2035. PubMed 19454641  

A viewer question prompts Chris and Sophie to ask what actually causes “old-person smell” and is persimmon soap the only thing that can get rid of it? And what does this have to do with Japan? Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected].   Hosts:     Christopher Labos & Sophie Tseng Pellar Editor:    Robyn Flynn Researcher: Danielle Kaprelian Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer   Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information. References: The 2001 Japanese study that most websites reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022202X15411984  

Galactagogues and medications to boost milk production. Everything from oats to fenugreek to lactation cookies and prescription medications like metoclopramide and domperidone. Also, cow’s milk protein allergy, reflux and baby’s spit-up, the safety of alcohol while breastfeeding, and how to handle other prescription medications. Natalie Borden, an international board certified lactation consultant, joins Chris to debunk breastfeeding myths. Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected].   Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer   Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information. References: Internet survey on patient use of lactation aides: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37236347/ Cochrane 2020 on galactogogues: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32421208/ 2023 RCT on lactation cookies: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36921902/ The LactMed database: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501922/

How do I know if my baby is getting enough milk? What is proper latching technique? How do you treat painful nipples? Natalie Borden, an international board certified lactation consultant, joins Chris to debunk breastfeeding myths. Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected].   Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer   Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information. References: 1) 2014 Cochrane review on Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25506813/  

Pink noise claims it can boost your memory, help your sleep, and treat your ADHD. But how it’s studied in a sleep lab is very different from passive listening all night long. Chris and Sophie dive into the evidence to figure out if the influencers pushing pink noise for sleep got it right or if they’re simply dreaming.   Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected].   Editor:    Robyn Flynn Researcher: Danielle Kaprelian Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer   Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information. References: The different colours of noise from white to pink to brown: https://www.allure.com/story/what-is-brown-noise-pink-white-sound-therapy The famous 2017 “memory enhancement” study: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00109/full A lay summary of the above study: https://time.com/collections/guide-to-sleep/4694555/pink-noise-deep-sleep-improve-memory/ The study showing pink noise might make things worse: https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article/49/5/zsag001/8452884 Dr. F. Perry Wilson’s Medscape video series on pink noise: https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/pink-noise-could-be-wrecking-your-sleep-2026a100039x A 2022 systematic review on overall sleep quality: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34964434/ Memory claims and pink noise: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2023.1302836/full Examples of white and pink noise are found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pink_noise.ogg and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White-noise-sound-20sec-mono-44100Hz.ogg

Lipoprotein(a) or Lp(a) is suddenly all the rage because several drug companies are working on medications to lower this previously resistant form of cholesterol. Almost entirely genetic, unaffected by diet or lifestyle, it has numerous studies linking it to heart disease and aortic valve calcification. But it may not be the ticking time bomb some influencers like to claim.   Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected].   Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer   Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information. References: The genetic nature of Lp(a) levels: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1386087/ Prevalence of elevated Lp(a) in 500,000 US patients https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27659098/ Prevalence of elevated Lp(a) in 2.9 million Chinese adults https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40266173/ Prevalence of elevated Lp(a) in the INTERASPIRE study https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40436467/ Variation of Lp(a) by sex: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27659098/ One of the many studies linking Lp(a) to cardiovascular disease https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33115266/ High Lp(a) and aortic stenosis: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1109034 FH and Lp(a) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32466883/ The ongoing Lp(a) trials https://familyheart.org/lpa-clinical-trials  

Meniscectomies were once a very common surgery for knee pain. Then the data happened. Teppo Järvinen from the Finnish Centre for Evidence-Based Orthopaedics (FICEBO) joins Chris to talk about the recent 10-year data from the FIDELITY trial, showing that removing the meniscus in patients with knee pain did not improve symptoms and for a broader discussion about the role and importance of sham surgery and placebo controls in surgical research. He also shows Chris that orthopaedic surgeons are a surprisingly thoughtful and introspective group.   Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected].   Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer   Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information. References: The FICEBO website: www.ficebo.com The original FIDELITY trial showing meniscectomy had no benefit: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1305189 The recent 10-year follow-up data from FIDELITY: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2516079 The SIMPLICITY HTN-3 sham surgery trial on renal denervation: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1402670 Max Planck’s Principle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck%27s_principle  

Hyaluronic acid is the most versatile ingredient in the beauty industry and promises anti-aging wrinkle-free skin for everyone. Chris and Sophie dive in to find out how much of these claims are based in evidence and whether it does anything beyond moisturizing your skin.   Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected].   Co-host: Sophie Tseng Pellar Editor:    Robyn Flynn Producer: Danielle Kaprelian   Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer   Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information. References: 2022 systematic review of topical hyaluronic acid https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10078143/ A 2025 systematic review and meta-analysis of injectable hyaluronic acid https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39807700/ Meta-analysis of 7 randomized controlled trials of oral supplements containing hyaluronic acid https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40911749/ Large systematic reviews of skin supplements https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9201759/ Single large randomized controlled trial of 129 subjects https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10661223/

A viewer question prompts Chris and Sophie to dig into whether sleeping on your stomach is bad for your back. Prone vs. supine sleeping and its implication on low back pain are very tenuous. The research on pillows reveals a surprising result and Chris explains why he loves his rock hard pillow.   Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected].   Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer   Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information. References: Systematic review on sleep posture & low back pain (2025) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40338112/ Systematic review on pillow and nick pain https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33895703/ Small experimental study on sleep posture and muscle activity https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5468189/     https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Lindell  

What are peptides like BPC-157 and why is RFK Jr. trying to make them more easily available to Americans? Also why are they illegal in Canada? We also reveal the two peptides (one very old and one very recent) that have revolutionized medicine. Hint we’ve covered both on the show before. Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected].   Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer   Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information. References: Phase 1 safety study that was cancelled   https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02637284 Retrospective case series of 12 patients https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34324435/ A pilot study of 2 patients https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40131143/   Background reading:   https://apnews.com/article/peptide-injections-risks-side-effects-6f0d391b270f5008932cba909b8fef07   https://ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cpt.613   https://capitalcurrent.ca/fitness-influencers-promote-risky-unproven-fitness-products-called-peptides-online-and-health-experts-are-ringing-alarm-bells/   https://theconversation.com/no-you-dont-need-the-barbie-drug-to-tan-whatever-tiktok-says-heres-why-melanotan-ii-is-so-risky-247445   https://erictopol.substack.com/p/the-peptide-craze   https://www.theguardian.com/wellness/2026/feb/05/injectable-peptides-trend https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2026/04/13/why-are-people-injecting-themselves-with-peptides#rid=c3626699-c95b-487e-9e08-58814ae13bcd&q=peptides

Nicotine has been rebranded as a “health aid” by influencers. It can be an energy boost pre-workout, heighten focus, enhance performance and increase productivity. But we have been here before with nicotine products. Will we learn from past mistakes or are we doomed to repeat them. Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected].   Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer   Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information. References: 2024 National Youth Tobacco Survey https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/wr/mm7341a2.htm The illegal sale of nitcotine pouches https://www.cbc.ca/news/investigates/nicotine-pouches-illegal-sale-9.7000711 FDA authorizes marketing of nicotine pouches https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-authorizes-marketing-20-zyn-nicotine-pouch-products-after-extensive-scientific-review Growing popularity of nicotine pouches in young people https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40898003/ History of tobacco advertising restictions https://truthinitiative.org/research-resources/tobacco-industry-marketing/what-do-tobacco-advertising-restrictions-look-today

The viral TikTok trend of fibermaxxing suggests you should eat between 50-100g/day of fiber, two to three times the recommended amount. Chris and Sophie delve into the evidence about whether it actually does lower cholesterol, prevent cancer, and boost your immune system. Also, two new faces join the team. Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected].   Editor:    Robyn Flynn Producer: Sophie Tseng Pellar Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer   Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information. References: Epidemiological studies showing lower disease risk: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31809-9/fulltext https://www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f6879 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/202011 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40651334/ Fiber and cholesterol: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30239559/ Fiber and weight loss: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37163454/ Fiber and diabetes: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11155034/ Fiber and the microbiome: https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(21)00754-6 Fiber and irritable bowel syndrome: https://www.bmj.com/content/339/bmj.b3154 Fiber and colon cancer: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17855692/  

A new position statement for screening for high cholesterol in kids raises important questions of who, when, how, and why? Dr. Michael Khoury, author of the new statement, joins Chris to discuss why Canada needed new guidance and why cholesterol isn’t just an old person’s problem.   Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected].   Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer   Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information. References: The position statement from the Canadian Pediatric Society: https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/lipid-disorders 2017 survey of American pediatricians: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28209292/ 2020 survey of Canadian pediatricians: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0828282X20305146 2019 Cochran review of statin therapy in children: https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006401.pub5/full The 20 year follow-up study of the Netherlands cohort: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1816454

A series of inappropriate locker room conversations reveals two things: Sophie’s friends don’t have a good sense of boundaries and there’s a lot of anxiety regarding sperm health. In theory, higher temperatures do affect sperm. But this a clinically meaningful effect or are we seeing a rehash of the worry around whirlpools from the 80s and 90s.   Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected].   Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer   Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information. References: Oxidative stress and the impact on fertility https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32033035/ Heat and the impact on spermatogenesis: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7070831/ 2002 study of 8 normozoospermic patients who used a sauna dailiy for 2 weeks: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-2605.1998.00138.x?sid=nlm%3Apubmed 2007 study of 11 infertile men after exposure to hot tubs: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17335598/ 2013 study showing a repeated but reversible impairment in spermatogenesis after sauna exposure: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23411620/ 2018 systematic review: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5941775/ Declining fertility rates in Finland: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00324728.2020.1750677#d1e147

Do nasal strips actually help you breathe better? What about better sleep, snoring or sleep apnea? Chris and Sophie parse through the evidence. Also, some fan e-mail praising Sophie leads to some very long digressions and a promise to one day go geocaching.   Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected]. Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.   References: 1)The 2016 review on nasal dilators: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27367589/ 2)The 2 in 1 RCT paper in patients with chronic sinusitis: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31209698/ 3)American Academy of Sleep Medicine review: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12938818/ 4)2016 review of nasal dilators and snoring apnea https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5187471/  

Chris and Sophie discuss norovirus, the winter vomiting disease, which ruins Sophie’s evening plans. Also, a generalized discussion of body fluids and diarrheal illness make this our most disgusting and graphic episode ever. You’ve been warned.   Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected].   Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer   Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information. References: 1) Chris article on norovirus with all references in the hyperlinks: https://montrealgazette.com/opinion/columnists/labos-washing-your-hands-isnt-an-olympic-feat  

Are men wimps or just immunologically inferior? Chris and Sophie review the evidence to decide if respiratory viruses really do hit men harder or if they are just looking for attention. Also Chris gushes about his favorite TV show, “All Creatures Great and Small.”    Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected].   Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer   Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information. References: 1) Sophie’s article: 2) BMJ review:  https://www.bmj.com/content/359/bmj.j5560 3) Man flu is not a thing post-hoc analysis: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022399922003324#bbb0155

You may have heard about a “better” way to go for your daily walk. Japanese walking promises numerous health benefits. Two problems though. There’s nothing Japanese about it and the benefits are not so clear cut. Nick Tiller is back to unpack this latest social media trend. Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected].   Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer   Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information. References: The 2007 article that started it all: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025619611613037 Nick’s article about retro walking: https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/the-backward-world-of-retro-walking/

Kim Moon is back to discuss worms and other intestinal parasites. In wellness circles they are the cause of almost all your non-descript symptoms. But parasites are a real problem and global warming means these once tropical diseases are coming to a city near you.   Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected].   Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer   Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information. References: Why Does Everyone Think They Have Parasitic Worms?   Soil-transmitted helminth infections   The deadliest parasites in the world: 10 terrifying creatures you will want to avoid   Neglected tropical diseases -- GLOBAL   The Heavy Toll of the Black Belt’s Wastewater Crisis | The New Yorker   There was a deal to fix this Alabama community’s raw sewage crisis. Trump tore it up over DEI   Chagas disease (also known as American trypanosomiasis).   Chagas disease - PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization   Kissing Bug.   Dracunculiasis (Guinea-worm disease)   Guinea Worm Disease Eradication Program   Removing Giardia Cysts from Drinking Water   U.S. Drinking-Water Systems Still Haven't Defeated This Nasty Parasite | Scientific American   https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c80p81lvx0eo   Health warning following rise in Cryptosporidiosis notifications   Health officials investigating outbreak linked to raw milk   Foodborne illness outbreaks linked to unpasteurised milk and relationship to changes in state laws – United States, 1998–2018 - PMC   Echinococcus multilocularis - Public Health Ontario   Human echinococcosis incidence in Canada, 2000–2020, CCDR 50(9)   Echinococcosis   Parasite threat to pets and people on the rise in Western Canada | News | University of Calgary

Facial fillers are promoted on social media as safe, temporary and easily reversible. But the evidence paints a different story. Sophie joins Chris to unpack the evidence and the safety concerns of fillers that you should know before you go to a Medical Spa. Also, Chris takes the opportunity to tell Sophie about Conformity Gate. Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected].   Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer   Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information. References: The persistence of fillers: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5011976/ Higher complication rates in Med Spas: https://www.asds.net/skin-experts/news-room/press-releases/safety-concerns-in-med-spas-with-little-to-no-physician-involvement  

Food allergies, specifically peanut allergies have been increasing in children. But key research changed policy and the past 10 years have seen a steady decline. In a rare win for the goodies, we see how science shaped public policy and made things better for a whole generation of children.  Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected].   Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer   Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information. References: Chris article on peanut and food allergies: https://montrealgazette.com/opinion/columnists/labos-food-allergies-a-hard-nut-to-crack-but-theres-some-good-news The old recommendations: https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-abstract/106/2/346/62820/Hypoallergenic-Infant-Formulas?redirectedFrom=fulltext The new recommendations: https://www.cps.ca/en/documents/position/allergenic-solids#ref2 Increasing food allergies: http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(10)00575-0/abstract The LEAP study: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1414850 The effect the LEAP study had on allergy rates in children” https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/156/5/e2024070516/204636/Guidelines-for-Early-Food-Introduction-and?autologincheck=redirected Skin contact as a risk factor for peanut allergies: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa013536 Oral Immunotherapy for peanut allergies: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1812856 Met-analysis of immunotherapy for peanut allergies: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31030987/

In our ongoing quest to become a Grey's Anatomy rewatch podcast, we decided it would be a good idea to kick off the new year with another Grey's Anatomy focused episode.  Our editor, and certified Grey's Anatomy superfan, Robyn Flynn, brings more crazy cases and stories from one of the longest running medical dramas of all time. Could these cases actually happen in real life?! And, if so, how would the doctors deal with those patients and situations? Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE Email us your questions at [email protected]. Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

It’s Part 2 of our end-of-year wrap up. Chris, Sophie, Robyn (behind the camera), and Tobi (wandering around) all join in to answer a potpourri of viewer questions. Also a video bonus for our Patreon members.

It’s Part 1 of our end-of-year wrap up. Chris, Sophie, Robyn (behind the camera), and Tobi (wandering around) all join in to answer a potpourri of viewer questions. Also a video bonus for our Patreon members.

Hallux valgus (bunions) are more common in women than men and high heeled shoes are often blamed. But how much of the problem is environment and how much genetics?   Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected].   Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer   Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information. References: Bunions in unshod populations: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13587573/ Prevalence of bunions in the general population: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20868524/ The 2004 Cochrane review on conservative therapies to treat bunions: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20868524/ More recent data on conservatie therapies to treat bunions: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34408037/ The 2024 Cochrane review on surgery to treat bunions: https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD013726.pub2/full

The global community has agreed to end the use of mercury in dental fillings. But is mercury in your mouth really dangerous and where else is mercury being used in the world?  Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected].   Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer   Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information. References: Minamata Convention COP-6 conference https://minamataconvention.org/en/news/minamata-convention-cop-6-agrees-end-use-dental-amalgam-2034-marking-historic-milestone WHO 1991 report on inorganic mercury: https://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc118.htm#PartNumber:1 Health Canada’s 1996 report on mercury:  https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/reports-publications/medical-devices/safety-dental-amalgam-health-canada-1996.html

Two new medical mysteries for Chris and Aigul to unpack. Why did this 44-year-old woman with Chron’s disease develop a rash and why did a teenage cyclist with double vision develop an unstable gait?   Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected].   Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer   Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information. Links to the cases: https://reference.medscape.com/viewarticle/unresolved-rash-44-year-old-woman-crohns-disease-2025a1000q3g  https://reference.medscape.com/viewarticle/teenaged-cyclist-double-vision-and-unsteady-gait-2025a1000pqf  

Jevin West joins Chris to talk about teaching critical thinking and whether AI is a force for good or a force for evil. Both of them have passed the Turing Test so all fellow humans are welcome.   Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected].   Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer   Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information. References: 1) Red Pen Reviews: https://www.redpenreviews.org  

Nick Tiller returns to discuss whether saunas actually have health benefits and possibly completely contradict himself after his previous episode about ice baths. We dig into the data from Kuopio and the Finnish Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor study and investigate whether there might be some risks associated with saunas.   Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected].   Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer   Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information. References: 1) Nick’s Skeptical Inquirer article on the subject of saunas: https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/are-saunas-good-for-you-yes-but/   2) The study purporting to show a 60% benefit in cardiovascular risk https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/07853890.2017.1387927#d1e290   3) A scientific review of the health benefits of sauns from the same authors: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025619623000083   4) One of the few RCTs on the issue although it only uses surrogate endpoints: https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/japplphysiol.00322.2023  

EPISODE 152 – Why RFK Jr. is wrong to claim that Tylenol causes autism. According to the Wall Street Journal, RFK Jr. and the HHS are planning to release a report claiming acetaminophen (Tylenol/paracetamol) is inked to autism spectrum disorder. The evidence says he’s wrong. Not just because the better quality studies show no link, not just because autism is probably mostly genetic with some minor environmental factors impacting its prevalence, but also because the alternatives to Tylenol for pain/fever control are much worse.   Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE Email us your questions at [email protected]. Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information. References: 1)    The Wall Street Journal article:  https://www.wsj.com/health/healthcare/rfk-jr-hhs-to-link-autism-to-tylenol-use-in-pregnancy-and-folate-deficiencies-e3acbb4c 2)    Chris article in the Montreal Gazette: https://www.montrealgazette.com/opinion/columnists/article1154467.html 3)    The safety warning about NSAIDs in pregnancy: https://www.fda.gov/safety/medical-product-safety-information/nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs-nsaids-drug-safety-communication-avoid-use-nsaids-pregnancy-20 4)    The 2024 Swedish study that used sibling controls: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2817406 5)    Data showing the roughly 3:1 preponderance of males vs. females with autism https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34855727/ 6)    Some of the environmental factors that may affect autism spectrum disorder https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21746727/

A viewer question prompts Chris and Sophie to look into scrambler therapy. A medical therapy for chronic pain with a silly name that sounds like it should be pseudoscience, but actually isn’t. How is it different from Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)? How good is the evidence and how much of the benefit is actually a placebo response.   Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE  Email us your questions at [email protected].  Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.  References: 1)    2016 review of scrambler therapy for chronic pain https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-016-3177-3 2)    2018 update https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735419845143 Key studies: Sabato (2005) – 226 patients: 80% had >50% pain reduction Marineo (2011) – RCT: 91% pain reduction in Scrambler group vs. 28% in controls Ricci (2012) – 82 patients: Mean pain scores dropped from 6.2/10 prior to treatment to 1.6 just after completing 10 treatment days to 2.9, 2 weeks after finishing treatment. Compagnone (2015) – 201 patients: pain went from 7.41 to 1.6 Notaro (2015) – All patients had ≥50% pain reduction; relief lasted ~8 weeks; sleep improved Pachman (2014) – 37 patients: 53% average pain reduction; effect lasted 10 weeks One ‘no results’ study:  Campbell (2013) – 14 patients, RCT with sham control; no improvement—but team lacked experience, which may have skewed results.

Rodney Schmaltz joins Chris to talk about teaching scientific skepticism to university students. How does learning about Big Foot, debunking photos of fairies, and going on a ghost hunt make you better at debunking pseudoscience? Also, how to speak to believers in pseudoscience without making the other person hate you.   Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected].   Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer   Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information. References: 1) Rodney’s website that also hosts his Tedx talk: https://www.rodneyschmaltz.com/ 2) The Lilienfeld Alliance: https://sites.google.com/view/lilienfeldalliance/lilicon-2026?authuser=0

Leaky Gut Syndrome. Always a favorite of the pseudoscience crowd. But is there any medical validity to the concept. Chris and Sophie look deep into the concept to find out if the diagnosis of Leaky Gut holds water or is just full of holes. Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE Email us your questions at [email protected]. Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

The opening of a new private clinic spurs Chris and Sophie to ask whether Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is real medicine or pseudoscience. How does a magnetic field stimulate the brain and how is this different from electric convulsive therapy (ECT)? Also, a brief digression on One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest and other classic movies Sophie has never seen.   Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected].   Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer   Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information. References: 1) A study on the efficacy of ECT  by Slade et al. http://jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.1378 2) The accompany editorial on modern ECT use: Modern Electroconvulsive Therapy Vastly Improved yet Greatly Underused https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2633172 3) A study on the safety of ECT: Lancet Psychiatry study 2021 https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(21)00168-1 4) Consensus statement on the use of Transcranial Magnetic stimulation (TMS)  https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.16cs10905 5) Network meta-analysis comparing different TMS modalities https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3644 6) The durability of response after TMS treatment: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2018.10.001 7) RCT comparing ECT and TMS and showing ECT is more effective:  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17202547/ 8) The older cochrane review from 2002 suggesting little benefit: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003493

How does genetic testing help doctors treat patients? How accurate are private companies like 23andMe? Does knowing your genetic risk help people lead healthier lives or is it just a waste of time and money? Sophie had a bunch of questions about how genetic testing is used in everyday medical practice and Chris was here to answer!   Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected].   Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer   Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information. References: Studies evaluating the accuracy of Direct to Consumer genetic testing companies: Ng PC, Murray SS, Levy S, Venter JC. An agenda for personalized medicine. Nature. 2009 Oct 8;461(7265):724-6. doi: 10.1038/461724a. PMID: 19812653. Imai K, Kricka LJ, Fortina P. Concordance study of 3 direct-to-consumer genetic-testing services. Clin Chem. 2011 Mar;57(3):518-21. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.158220.  Studies looking at how knowing the results of genetic testing affect medical treatment and lifestyle factors. Mega JL, et al. Genetic risk, coronary heart disease events, and the clinical benefit of statin therapy: an analysis of primary and secondary prevention trials. Lancet. 2015 Jun 6;385(9984):2264-2271. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61730-X Khera AV, Emdin CA, Drake I, Natarajan P, Bick AG, Cook NR, Chasman DI, Baber U, Mehran R, Rader DJ, Fuster V, Boerwinkle E, Melander O, Orho-Melander M, Ridker PM, Kathiresan S. Genetic Risk, Adherence to a Healthy Lifestyle, and Coronary Disease. N Engl J Med. 2016 Dec 15;375(24):2349-2358. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1605086.  The Cochrane review and MI-GENES study which showed that genetic information did not change lifestyle behavior Hollands GJ, French DP, Griffin SJ, Prevost AT, Sutton S, King S, Marteau TM. The impact of communicating genetic risks of disease on risk-reducing health behaviour: systematic review with meta-analysis. BMJ. 2016 Mar 15;352:i1102. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i1102.  Kullo IJ, et al. Incorporating a Genetic Risk Score Into Coronary Heart Disease Risk Estimates: Effect on Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels (the MI-GENES Clinical Trial). Circulation. 2016 Mar 22;133(12):1181-8. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.020109  

Chris and Sophie tackle Radon, the odorless, colorless, tasteless and very toxic gas that is present in about 1 in 5 homes. Why do we care? How do you test for it? What should do about it? And why don’t we talk about it more? Also Sophie’s mind gets blown by a Patron question. Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected]. Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer  Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information. References: 1)     The 2024 Cross-Canada Radon Survey: https://crosscanadaradon.ca/survey/ 2)     How Radon gets in your home: https://www.quebec.ca/en/housing-territory/healthy-living-environment/residential-radon 3)     Where to order valid Radon tests: http://takeactiononradon.ca 4)     Distribution of Radon geographically across Canada and the US: https://www.epa.gov/radon/epa-map-radon-zones-0  https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1655364/gaz-radon-normes-quebec-canada 5)     Cochrane review on balneotherapy: https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000518.pub2/full?contentLanguage=en

EPISODE 145 – Case Challenge: rare and common cardiac conditions Aigul returns with two new case challenges. The first is a very rare cardiac condition that Chris actually picked up on his first day of work (and made him a superstar for about a week). The other is a very common problem that highlights how difficult medical diagnosis can be in real life.  Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE Email us your questions at [email protected]. Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer  Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

Mommy forums are awash with medical misinformation. Robyn is back to discuss why some moms suggest drinking water melon juice instead of sunscreen, using castor oil to treat just about everything, and why most people seem to have forgotten that you shouldn’t give honey to a baby.   Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you! http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/ https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Email us your questions at [email protected].   Editor:    Robyn Flynn Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos Chris’ book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer   Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information. References: 1) The Cochrane review about castor oil and pregnancy outcomes: https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003099.pub2/full 2) A primer on the concept of immune amnesia and the complications of measles:  https://hms.harvard.edu/news/inside-immune-amnesia