Odie的英语课

下面三句中的条件都是“天气转好 the weather improves”，哪一句是有可能的（第一条件句），哪一句是不太可能的（第二条件句），哪一句是完全不可能的（第三条件句）？improve 改进，改善 = get better① If the weather improves, we'll go for a walk. ② If the weather improved, we could go for a walk.③ If the weather had improved, we could have gone for a walk....① If the weather improves, we'll go for a walk. 如果天气转好，我们就去散步。（天气有可能会好转。第一条件句）② If the weather improved, we could go for a walk. 如果天气转好，我们可以去散步。（天气不太可能好转。第二条件句）③ If the weather had improved, we could have gone for a walk.如果天气变好，我们本可以去散步的。（天气没有好转，天气好转是不可能的假设条件。第三条件句）总结：第一条件句 有可能If + 一般现在时，+ will/would/can/could/may/might/should  第二条件句 不太可能If + 一般过去时，+ would/could/might/should第三条件句 不可能If + 过去完成时，+ would/might/could + have done0条件句 当事情总是这样If you heat ice, it melts. 如果你加热冰，冰就会融化。If + 一般现在时，+ 一般现在时If 可以用 when 替换。Odie的英语课暂时播到这里，主播要去休息一下。感谢大家这三年的收听，请继续学习，不断进步！(\(^o^)/)

The third conditional 第三条件句第三条件句中 if 从句中的内容是没有发生的，所以主句里的内容也是不可能发生的。比如我没有复习，考试没及格。如果我复习了，我考试就会及格了。常使用第三条件句想象一个（和已经发生的现实）不同的结果。[从句] If + 过去完成时（had done），[主句] + would，might，could + have donerevise 动词，复习（过去分词 revised）pass my exam 通过考试 If I had revised, I would have passed my exam.如果我复习了，我就会通过考试的。* 我没有复习，考试没有及格。If I had played better, I would have won. 如果我打得更好，我就会赢的。win 获胜，赢（过去分词 won）* 我打得不好，没有赢。(I didn’t play well and I didn’t win.)If we had gone out earlier, we might have got to the cinema on time.如果我们早点出去（出门），我们本可以准时到电影院的。go out earlier 早一点出去（go 的过去分词 gone）get to the cinema 到电影院on time 准时

The second conditional 第二条件句在第二条件句中，if 从句中的内容是不太可能发生的。[从句] If + 过去时态，[主句] + would，could，might 或 shouldpay rise 加薪，涨工资（美语 pay raise）If I got a pay rise, I would buy a new car.如果我加薪，我会买一辆新车。* 我不太可能加薪。这是第二条件句，如果我很有可能加薪，就说 If I get a pay rise, I will buy a new car. 第一条件句。If you left your job, you could travel around the world.如果你辞职，你可以周游世界。leave your job 辞职* 你不太可能会辞职。If I was the president, I would change some laws.如果我是总统，我会修改一些法律。* 我知道我不会成为总统，这是假设，我在总统的位置上会怎么样。关于“如果我是……” 美国英语会说“if I were...”，英国英语是更常说“if I was...”

The first conditional 第一条件句当我们想说某个将来可能的情况[从句内容]，以及它的结果[主句内容]，就用第一条件句。[从句] If + 现在时态，[主句] + will/would，can/could，may/might 或 should  If I get the job in London, I'll be pretty happy.如果我得到那个在伦敦的工作，我会很高兴的。If I am late, I will call you.如果我迟到了，我会给你打电话。If the taxi doesn't come soon, I'll drive you myself.如果出租车不快点来，我就自己开车送你。drive 开车送

条件句分为：The zero conditional 0条件句The first conditional 第一条件句The second conditional 第二条件句The third conditional 第三条件句The zero conditional 0条件句If you heat ice, it melts.如果你加热冰，冰就会融化。melt 动词，融化，熔化，溶解= When you heat ice, it melts.当总是有这样的结果时，我们就叫0条件句。0条件句中的 if 可以用 when 替换。0条件句的主句和从句的时态通常都是一般现在时。0条件句的主句就没有 will，can 等情态动词。If I can't sleep, I listen to the radio. 如果我睡不着，我就听收音机。= When I can't sleep, I listen to the radio.

conditional sentences条件句conditional 有条件的，[语法]条件句的condition 条件，状况 + 后缀-al ……的，与……有关的最常见的条件句是 if（如果）条件句。条件句由一个条件从句和一个主句组成：If I get the job in London, I'll be pretty happy.如果我得到这个在伦敦的工作，我会很高兴的。条件句一半是 if 引导的从句，另一半会有 will、can、may 等情态动词。至于顺序，条件从句可以在前，也可以在后。在前面的情况比较多，用逗号隔开从句和主句。如果条件从句在后半句就不需要逗号。We'll have the party in the garden if it doesn't rain.如果不下雨，我们就在花园里办派对。这句话也可以用 as long as 只要……We'll have the party in the garden as long as it doesn't rain. 只要不下雨，我们就在花园里办派对。

被动态 be + 动词过去分词be 各个时态的变化一般现在时 – am / are / is现在进行时 – is being / are being现在完成时 – has been / have been一般过去时 – was / were过去进行时 – was being / were being情态动词 will, can 等 – will be, can be 等[一般现在时]Am I invited too?我也被邀请了吗？[现在进行时]Am I being recorded?我正在被录音吗？[现在完成时]He's been hurt.他被伤害了。/他受伤了。[一般过去时]房间里有几个箱子，但我们不知道箱子里有什么。（We didn't know what was in the boxes.） They weren't label(l)ed.它们没有（被）贴标签。label 动词，贴标签[过去进行时]They were being watched carefully.他们正在被仔细观察。[情态动词]Reservations can be accepted up to 24 hours before arrival.提前至少24小时预约。reservation(s) 名词，预订，预约up to 最多，最高arrival 名词，抵达，到达（arrive 动词，抵达，到达）up to 24 hours before arrival 不超过（不晚于*）抵达前24小时* 这里是从距离“抵达前24小时”更早的时间点来讲，所以up to可以说成“不晚于”。“Up to”的基础意思是“最多，最高”，但在不同语境里会相应翻译成不同的中文。

英语通常把重要的内容在句子前面，把ta当作主语，但这不是绝对的。也可以把重要部分放在句子最后，加强语气，起到突出强调的作用。朋友来我家作客，看到我家有一把椅子很好看。A：That's a lovely chair.B：Yes, it's very old. It was given to me by my grandmother.A：那把椅子真漂亮。B：它有年头了，是我奶奶给我的。* 用“椅子”（对话中已经出现的事物）做主语，在句子后面加上 by my grandmother（想要突出的部分），加重语气，强调椅子是奶奶给我的。I was made to feel very welcome by everyone.大家/每个人都很欢迎我。make 使……成为，使得……，让…… * 这句话的重点是 by everyone 大家，每个人（都）”如果用 everyone 做主语，这样说：Everyone made me feel very welcome.

如果动词带两个宾语，要变成被动句的话，该用哪个宾语呢？哪个宾语都可以，都能成为被动句的主语，取决于我们想强调哪一个宾语。Her mother gave each child a present. [主动]她的妈妈给了每一个孩子一个礼物。给，送给 give - gave - givenA present was given to each child (by her mother). [被动]（她的妈妈）给了每个孩子一个礼物。/ 礼物送给了每一个孩子。* 这句话重点是 a presentEach child was given a present (by her mother). [被动]（她的妈妈）给了每个孩子一个礼物。/ 每个孩子都得到一个礼物。* 这句话重点是 each child练习一下~The doctor gave me a prescription.医生给我开了处方。变被动 —>（1）以“我”为重点（“我”要从宾格 me 变为主格 I）I was given a prescription (by the doctor).（2）以“处方”为重点A prescription was given to me (by the doctor).

有一些动词被动态比主动态更加常用，比如：be born 出生Where were you born?你出生在哪里？I was born in...我出生在……表示转述的动词，如：say（说），believe（相信，认为），think（想，认为），consider（认为，考虑），find（发现），我们常用这些词的被动态来创造一种距离感，表示客观陈述，而非主观表达。In some cultures blowing your nose in public is considered impolite.在某些文化中，在公共场合擤鼻子被认为是不礼貌的。culture(s) 文化blow your nose 擤鼻子（blow 吹，刮（风），吹奏）in public 在公共场合impolite 不礼貌的，粗鲁的（表示否定的词头im- + polite）Police are looking for a man in his 30s. He is believed to be dangerous.警方正在找一个30多岁的男性。他（被认为）是个危险人物。a man in his 30s 一个30多岁的男性也有一些词不常用被动态，当我们描述状态时通常不用被动态（状态动词），比如：They were having lunch.他们正在吃午饭。X 不说Lunch was being had. 午饭正在被吃。X

上节课讲想要改变句子的焦点时可以变换句子的形态，把主动句变成被动句。此外，当我们不知道动作是谁做的，作用者是谁，又或者作用者是谁不重要，又或者是我们不想说出作用者是谁，是谁做的，又或者作用者大家都知道时，这些情况也会使用被动句。My bicycle has been stolen.我的自行车被偷了。（我不知道是谁偷的。）stolen 的原形是 steal   *不规则动词的过去时过去分词可以复习<第948课>He was arrested.他被逮捕了。（我们都知道警察逮捕人，所以不用说“by the police”）arrest 动词，逮捕，拘留I was given a prescription.我被给了个处方。—> 给我开了个处方。（我们都知道只有医生能开处方，所以不用加上“by the doctor”）The lights were left on all night.灯开了一晚上。left 的原形是 leave，leave 离开，离去；遗忘，落；留下，剩下；保持（某种状态），保留leave on 让……开着 leave the lights on 让灯开着 变被动—> the lights were left on 灯（被）开着all night 整夜，整晚（我不想说是你让灯开了一晚上）放在情景里，比如我早上发现屋里灯开了一整晚，知道是室友忘记关灯了。如果用主动句（加个主语you ）：You left the lights on all night. 你开了一晚上灯。这样听起来太直接，语气太强，像是指责对方。为了避免这种语气，又想提醒对方，就可以使用被动句：The lights were left on all night. 灯开了一晚上。言外之意是你忘记关灯了。

什么时候使用被动态？基本规则：说和写多用主动态，但在正式写作（如学术论文、科技文章等）中，需要强调过程和结果的时候（而不是谁做的），更多使用被动态。In this study, children's eye movements were recorded while they listened to a series of messages.在这项研究中，孩子们在听一系列信息时的眼球运动被记录下来。/ 这项研究记录了孩子们在听一系列信息时的眼球运动。study 名词，（专题）研究movement(s) 名词，动，移动，运动，活动（move + 后缀-ment）were(be) recorded 被记录，record 动词，记录，记载，录音，录像while ……的时候，同时a series of 一系列，一连串（series 是单数）除了正式写作，平时常用被动句的几种情况：我们可以通过改变句式来变换句子的焦点。比如，想要强调句子的宾语（宾语比主语更重要）时，使用被动句。Our beautiful designs are created by a team of experts.我们漂亮的设计是由一支专家团队创作的。design 名词，设计create 动词，创作，创造expert(s) 专家，行家* 这句话的重点是 our beautiful designs 我们漂亮的设计，具体是谁设计的不是这句话要表达的重点。如果用主动句“一支专家团队创作了我们漂亮的设计。A team of experts created our beautiful designs.”重点就变成了“A team of experts 一支专家团队”。

被动句格式be + 动词过去分词I was told by Sarah [被动，一般过去时]Your zodiac sign is decided by your birth year. [被动，一般现在时]被动句和（相同句子的）主动句的时态一样，比如都是一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、现在完成时，等等。Edward Barnes designed these houses in the 1880s. [主动]爱德华·巴恩斯在19世纪80年代设计了这些房子。* 这句话的重点是主语Edward Barnes爱德华·巴恩斯，即谁设计的房子。These houses were designed in the 1880s. [被动，没有作用者]这些房子是在19世纪80年代设计的。These houses were designed in the 1880s by Edward Barnes. [被动 + by + 作用者]这些房子是由爱德华·巴恩斯于19世纪80年代设计的。* 这两句话的重点是主语these houses，即动作所作用的人或物。press 动词，按，压，推，挤（press the button 按这个按钮），榨（果汁），挤名词，出版社publish 动词，出版，发表，公布Cambridge University Press published this book. [主动]剑桥大学出版社出版了这本书。This book was published by Cambridge University Press. [被动]这本书由剑桥大学出版社出版。

passive sentence 被动句passive 被动语态的；被动的，顺从的，消极的<—> active 主动语态的；主动的，积极的，活跃的active sentence 主动句① Sarah told me ② I was told by Sarah ① Sarah told me [主动] 莎拉告诉了我 主语：Sarah | 谓语：told（tell） | 宾语：me 我这句话的重点是主语Sarah，做这件事的人。② I was told by Sarah [被动] 我被莎拉告诉 / 莎拉告诉了我 主语：I 我（刚才的宾语me变成了主语I）| 谓语：was told 被告诉，被告知通常被动句里有 by... 由…，后面是做这事的人，它相对不重要，有时候是不知道，就没有by... 这句话的重点是主语 I，我被告诉（告知）了。Your zodiac sign is decided by your birth year. [被动] 生肖是由你出生的年份决定的。这句话的重点是主语 your zodiac sign。变成主动句 —>Your birth year decides your zodiac sign. [主动]你的出生年份决定你的生肖。  The doctor gave me a prescription.医生给我开了处方。prescription 处方，药方I was given a prescription.我得到了处方。/ 给我开了处方。

What is your zodiac sign? 你属什么？/ 你的生肖是什么？My zodiac sign is Rooster. 我属鸡。/ 我的生肖是鸡。 Your zodiac sign is decided by your birth year.生肖是由你出生的年份决定的。be decided by... 由……决定decide 动词，决定，确定Which zodiac is the luckiest in 2023?2023年哪个生肖/属相最幸运？The top 3 luckiest zodiac signs are the Ox, Snake, and Dog in the Year of the Rabbit 2023.在2023兔年最幸运的三个生肖/属相是牛、蛇、狗。Happy Chinese New Year！

又要春节（Chinese New Year / Spring Festival）了！zodiac signs 生肖（zodiac 黄道带，十二宫图，生肖）十二生肖（zodiac signs / zadiac animals / animal signs）：Rat / Mouse 鼠Ox 牛Tiger 虎Rabbit 兔Dragon 龙Snake 蛇Horse 马Goat 羊Monkey 猴Rooster 鸡Dog 狗Pig 猪(the) year of the Tiger(the) year of the Rabbit……2023 is the year of the Rabbit.2022 is the year of the Tiger.2024 is the year of the Dragon.……

特殊疑问句（who, what, when, where, why, how）转述后的句子也不再是疑问句，而是陈述句。‘What are you doing?’Mike asked us what we were doing.迈克问我们在做什么。错误XMike asked us what were we doing?X错误‘What's the time?’I asked Mike what the time was.我问迈克几点了。‘Where is the bus station?’I asked Mike where the bus station was. 我问迈克公共汽车站在哪儿。I asked them who came to meet them at the airport. 我问他们谁来机场接他们。—>‘Who came to meet you at the airport?’ ‘How do you want to do the activity?’The teacher asked them how they wanted to do the activity. 老师问他们想怎么做这个活动。

转述疑问句是非疑问句（yes-no questions）以及选择式疑问句，转述时需要用 if 或者 whether（是否，if 更常用）。而且，转述后的句子不再是疑问句，而是陈述句。‘Are you Scottish?’“你是苏格兰人吗？”I asked if she was Scottish. 我问她是不是苏格兰人。‘Do you want a table near the window?’“你们想要靠窗的桌子吗？”The waiter asked whether we wanted a table near the window. 服务员问我们要不要靠窗的桌子。‘Did you come by train or by bus?’“你是坐火车（地铁）还是坐公共汽车来的？”He asked me if I had come by train or by bus. 他问我是坐火车（地铁）还是坐公共汽车来的。

我和Sandra说：‘I'll meet you here tomorrow.’“我明天在这儿和你见面。”过了一个星期，我在另一个地方，和别的朋友转述和Sandra的这个约定：I told her I would meet her there the next/following day.我告诉她我第二天会在那儿和她见面。next 下一个的following 接着的，之后的the next/following day 第二天，后面的一天转述时（变间接引语）时间变化了，地点也可能变化了，那么所使用的表示时间、地点的副词（here，tomorrow等），还有代词（this，that ）也会发生变化：here —> therethis —> thatthese —> thosenow —> thentoday —> that daytomorrow —> the next day / the following day / the day afteryesterday —> the day beforelast week —> the week beforetwo weeks ago —> two weeks beforenext week —> the week after‘I'll meet you here tomorrow.’“我明天在这儿和你见面。”I told her I would meet her there the next/following day. 我告诉她我第二天会在那儿和她见面。He said, “I want it now.”他说：“我现在就要。”He said he wanted it then/at that moment.他说他当时就想要。‘I do not wish to discuss it at this moment in time.’“我现在不想讨论这个问题。”wish to do 想要（做……）[正式]at this moment in time 此时此刻，在这个时候，现在She said she did not wish to discuss it at that moment in time.她说她不想在那个时候讨论这个问题。at that moment in time 在那个时候，在那个时刻

间接引语不改变时态的情况如果说的事情仍然还没有发生，即转述时还没有发生，可能转述时间距离原话说的时间不长，说的内容还是事实，那么时态就不会往回退，不会变成过去时态。一般是原话是将来时，或是一般现在时，现在进行时，或现在完成时，会有时态不发生变化的情景。He told me his brother works for an Italian company. 他告诉我他哥哥在一家意大利公司工作。[说明转述时他哥哥仍然在这家意大利公司工作，这仍然是事实。如果是 He told me his brother worked for an Italian company 说明转述时他的哥哥已经不在这家公司工作了。]She said she's getting married next year.她说她明年就要结婚了。she's getting = she is getting[说明这句话的说话时间是“this year今年”，她还没有结婚，所以时态不发生变化。如果说话时间已经是“next year下一年”或更晚，时态就要变成过去时 She said she was getting married next year. 她说她下一年就要结婚了。]He said he's finished painting the door.他说他已经把门漆好了。he's finished = he has finishedfinish (+ doing) 动词，完成，完结，结束paint 动词，刷油漆；（用颜料）画，绘[说明他可能是刚刚、很短时间之前说的话。如果是几天前或更早说的就要把时态变为过去完成时了 He said he had finished...]She promised she'll help us.她答应会帮助我们。promise 动词，承诺，保证，答应[说明这一承诺也适用于（转述的说话时间之后的）未来。]

情态动词也会变化，往回一个时态：Will 变成 wouldHe said, ‘Jane will be late.’ 他说：“简会迟到。”He said Jane would be late. 他说简会迟到。“I will see him later.”  “我稍后会见到他。”She said she would see him later. 她说她稍后会见到他。Can 变成 could“I can swim.” “我会游泳。”She said she could swim. 她说她会游泳。May 变成 might“It may become colder over night.”“夜里可能会变得更冷。”She said it might become colder over night.她说夜里可能会变得更冷。如果直接引语用的是 would（将，会，要），could（能，可以，也许），might（可能，可以，也许）和 should（应该，将，会），变间接引语没有变化。“You should speak more.”“你应该多说话。”She said I should speak more.她说我应该多说话。She said you should speak more.她说你应该多说话。

请大家读一下上节课的句子 I said, ‘I'm not very happy at work.’ 我说：“我工作不太开心。”I told her I was not very happy at work. 我告诉她我工作不太开心。They said: ‘We're going home.’ 他们说：“我们要回家了。”They told us they were going home. 他们告诉我们他们要回家了。He said, ‘Jane will be late.’ 他说：“简会迟到。”He said Jane would be late. 他说简会迟到。‘I've been working,’ she said. “我一直在工作。”她说。She said she had been working. 她说她一直在工作。‘What happened to make her so angry?’ he asked. “发生了什么事让她这么生气？”他问。He asked what had happened to make her so angry. 他问发生了什么事让她这么生气。下面我来说桑德Sandra拉说过的6句话（直接引语），请大家变成间接引语。用 She said... 她说……① “I'm going swimming” —>She said she was going swimming.她说她要去游泳。② “I haven't seen the film” —> She said she hadn't seen the film.她说她没有看过这部电影。③ “I have been working all morning” —>She said she had been working all morning.她说她整个上午都在工作。④ “I was working all week” —>She said she had been working all week.她说她整个星期都在工作。⑤ “He went on holiday to Greece” —>She said he had gone on holiday to Greece.她说他去希腊度假了。Greece 希腊⑥ “I hadn't seen him before” —>She said she hadn't seen him before.她说她以前没见过他。

时态变化[直接引语] —> [间接引语]一般现在时 —> 一般过去时现在进行时 —> 过去进行时现在完成时 —> 过去完成时现在完成进行时 —> 过去完成进行时一般过去时 —> 过去完成时过去进行时 —> 过去完成进行时过去完成时 —> 过去完成时 [无变化]将来时 will —> 过去将来时 wouldI said, ‘I'm not very happy at work.’我说：“我工作不太开心。”—> I told her I was not very happy at work.我告诉她我工作不太开心。I said I was not very happy at work.我说我工作不太开心。They said: ‘We're going home.’他们说：“我们要回家了。”—> They told us they were going home.他们告诉我们他们要回家了。They said they were going home.他们说他们要回家了。He said, ‘Jane will be late.’他说：“简会迟到。”—> He said Jane would be late.他说简会迟到。‘I've been working,’ she said.“我一直在工作。”她说。—> She said she had been working.她说她一直在工作。‘What happened to make her so angry?’ he asked.“发生了什么让她这么生气？”他问。happen 动词，发生make (somebody) angry 让（某人）生气，使（某人）生气—> He asked what had happened to make her so angry.*他问发生了什么让她这么生气。*疑问句间接引语的结尾不用问号。

direct speech 直接引语indirect speech 间接引语speech 言语，说话，谈话direct 形容词，直接的indirect 间接的 词头in-（加在形容词及由形容词转化而来的词前）不，无，非 桑德拉对迈克说：Sandra says to Mike: （say 动词，说，讲。第三人称单数 says，过去式 said）“我的工作很有意思。”“My job is very interesting.” [这句是直接引语 direct speech]后来，迈克把这个话说给朋友Sarah：桑德拉说她的工作很有意思。Sandra said (that) her job was interesting. [这句是间接引语 indirect speech]‘I'm tired,’ I said. [直接引语 direct speech]我说：“我累了。”I told them (that) I was tired. [间接引语 indirect speech]我告诉他们我累了。1）英语中，直接引语使用的引号可以是双引号，也可以是单引号。2）XX说，可以出现在引号内容的前面或是后面。3）时态会发生变化：“My job is very interesting” 变成 She said that her job was very interesting.‘I'm tired,’ 变成 I told them (that) I was tired.通常时态会往后退，变成各种过去时态。

As 和 like 可以混用的例子，意思都是“像……一样”。Like 比 as 稍微更非正式一些。Nobody understands him as I do.Nobody understands him like I do.没有人像我一样理解他。understand 动词，理解，明白[as...as...]I can't run as fast as you. 我跑得没你快。used to 过去经常，曾经……我跑得没有我以前那么快了。I can't run as fast as I used to. Do as I do.像我做的那样做。/ 照我做的做。As 还有一些固定搭配：as you know 像你（们）知道的那样，如你（们）所知as you requested 按照您（你）的要求（request 动词，要求，请求）as we agreed 就像我们说好的那样，正如我们所达成一致的（agree 动词，同意，达成一致）

As 和 like 在“像……一样”这个意思上很相似，口语里经常混用。此外，as 还有一个很常用的意思：as 作为……He works as a teacher.他是一名老师。He worked for a long time as a teacher in Africa.他在非洲当了很长一段时间的老师。X 不能说 work like a teacher X① As your father, I'll help you as much as I can.② Like your father, I'll help you as much as I can....① As your father, I'll help you as much as I can.作为你的父亲，我会尽我所能帮助你。[说话人就是听的人的父亲]② Like your father, I'll help you as much as I can. 像你的父亲一样，我会尽我所能帮助你。[说话人并不是听话人的父亲，但希望像父亲一样]as much as I can 尽我所能as + 名词 作为 like + 名词 像……一样，用一样的方式，类似于…… 

还可以使用 look like 进行预测。It looks like it's going to rain.看来要下雨了。复习：<第944课> it's going to rain 使用 be going to 表示说话人看到证据（如乌云）推测会下雨，如不一定有实质证据常用 will 或 might —> it will/might rain。She looks like she's going to cry.她看起来要哭了。He looks like he's about to go on holiday.他看起来好像马上要去度假了。be about to（+ 动词原形）马上就要，眼看就要It looks like it will be a great year for the company.看起来对公司来说这将是伟大的一年。

be like  用于外貌以及性格的相似look like 用于外貌（身体特征）上的相似He looks like Father Christmas.他长得像圣诞老人。Father Christmas [英国]圣诞老人（美国叫 Santa Claus）You look just like your mother!你长得真像你妈妈！That powdered sugar looks like snow.那个糖粉像雪一样。powdered sugar 糖粉（powder 动词，使…粉末，把…磨成粉。也作名词，粉，粉末）如果想要询问一个人是什么样的人，比如好不好相处？What's she like?她是什么样的人？如果想要问一个人的外貌，比如高矮胖瘦？What does she look like? 她长什么样？如果想知道一个人像谁，无论是外貌上还是性格上，比如是像妈妈还是像爸爸？Who is she like? 她像谁？注意：be like 和 look like 不能混在一起用，不能说 I'm look like 或 She's look like...

like 和 asI'm like my sister. 我像我姐姐。（I like my sister. 我喜欢我姐姐。）Like my sister, I have brown eyes. 和我姐姐一样，我眼睛是棕色的/我有棕色的眼睛。like喜欢，喜爱；（在社交媒体上）点赞；像……，和……相似She's like her sister. 她和她姐姐很像。[外貌或性格相似]He looks like his brother.他长得像他哥哥。[外貌相似]I'm like my sister. We both have brown eyes.我像我姐姐。我们都是棕色的眼睛。I'm just like my sister. I hate it when people are rude.我和我姐姐一样。我讨厌人们粗鲁没有礼貌。rude 不礼貌的，粗鲁的be like 像可以用于外貌以及性格的相似

twice 两倍twice as...as... 像…的两倍…She's twice as old as me.她的年纪比我大一倍。/ 她的年纪是我的两倍。The state is twice as big as England.这个州是英格兰的两倍大。state （美国、澳大利亚、德国等）州，邦除了 twice as big as...（面积、体积）是…两倍大twice as old as... 年纪是…的两倍也常会说 twice as good as... 是…的两倍好twice as hard as... 是…的两倍困难half 一半，半个half as...as... 像…的一半…She's half as old as me.她的年纪只是我的一半。The state is half as big as England.这个州是英格兰的一半大。He's half as interesting as you.他只有你一半有趣。as interesting as you 像你一样有趣half as interesting as you 像你一半有趣，（只）有你一半有趣He's half as good as you.他只有你一半好。

这节课学一下“差不多和…一样…”，“几乎像…一样…”怎么说。现在她和她哥哥一样高。She's as tall as her brother now. almost as...as...almost 几乎，差不多，差一点，将近现在她几乎和她哥哥一样高。—>She's almost as tall as her brother now. nearly as...as...nearly 和 almost 是同义词nearly 几乎，差不多，将近现在她几乎和她哥哥一样高。也可以说She's nearly as tall as her brother now. 她几乎和你一样好。—>She's almost as good as you.She's nearly as good as you.她和你一样好。She's as good as you.[拓展]not nearly as...as...远没有，差得多She's not nearly as tall as her brother. 她远没有她哥哥高。She's not nearly as good as you.她远没有你好。

a lot，much，far，a little，slightly + 比较级（more/less） than① She's a little taller than his brother.② This car is far better than our old one.③ I'm much lazier than you!④ She's a lot more intelligent than him.⑤ She's slightly less interested in football than Mike.① She's a little taller than his brother.她比她弟弟稍微高一点儿。② This car is far better than our old one.这辆车比咱们那辆旧的好多了。③ I'm much lazier than you!我比你懒多了！lazy 懒的，懒惰的④ She's a lot more intelligent than him.她比他聪明得多。intelligent 聪明的，聪颖的，有才智的，理解力强的⑤ She's slightly less interested in football than Mike.她对足球的兴趣比迈克少点儿。be interested in 对……有兴趣（interested 感兴趣的，关注的）

在作比较时，为了更加准确，中文我们会说“得多”“一点儿”，英文就在形容词比较级 more/less than 前面加上：a lot，much，far 得多，远远a little，slightly 一点儿，稍微，略微迈克比他姐姐高。Mike's taller than his sister.迈克比他姐姐高多了。—>Mike's a lot taller than his sister.Mike's much taller than his sister.Mike's far taller than his sister.迈克比他姐姐高一点儿。—>Mike's a litte taller than his sister.Mike's slightly taller than his sister.换一个多音节形容词：interesting，比较级是 more/less interesting这个节目比那个节目更有意思。This programme is more interesting than that one.这个节目比那个节目有意思多了。—>This programme is a lot more interesting than that one. This programme is much more interesting than that one.This programme is far more interesting than that one.这个节目比那个节目稍微更有意思一点儿。—>This programme is a little more interesting than that one. This programme is slightly more interesting than that one.这个节目没有那个节目有意思。This programme is less interesting than that one.这个节目远远没有那个节目有意思。—>This programme is a lot less interesting than that one. This programme is much less interesting than that one.This programme is far less interesting than that one.这个节目比那个节目略微没意思一点儿。—>This programme is a little less interesting than that one. This programme is slightly less interesting than that one.

⑤ 做比较时，使用 than 比……⑥ 当想说两者很相似时，使用 as...as... 像……一样，和……一样⑦ 当想说一个没有/不如另一个XXX时，可以用 less than 或 not as...as...I can't run as fast as you.我跑得没你快。我们来说一句话：这个节目没有我想的那么有意思。（电视、广播）节目 programme[英] program[美]有意思的，有趣的 interesting没有意思 —> not interesting没有（像）……那么有意思 —> not as interesting as...我（现在）想 I think [现在时] 我（之前）想 I thought [过去时]（think 的过去式是 thought）像我之前想的那样 —> as I thought没有我（之前）想的那么有意思 —> not as interesting as I thought加上主语 —> This programme is not as interesting as I thought.[用 less than]没那么有意思 —> less interestingThis programme is less interesting than I thought.This programme is not as interesting as I thought.This programme is less interesting than I thought.

Make comparisons 作对比，作比较comparison 名词，对比，比较，对照compare 动词，对比，比较，对照第629-637课学过比较级与最高级形容词变比较级① 单音节加-er，如：small - smaller，big - bigger，nice - nicer② -y结尾的双音节，把-y变-ier，如：lucky - luckier，happy - happier③ 双音节*及更多音节，形容词前面用 more 更……，如：beautiful - more beautiful* 有的双音节，尤其是重音在前面的双音节，比较级也是可以在后面加-er的，如：clever - cleverer，quiet - quieter④ 不规则变化的形容词，如：good - better，bad - worse，far - farther/further⑤ 做比较时，使用 than 比……She's younger than me. 她比我年轻。You always walk faster than I do! 你总是走得比我快！⑥ 当想说两者很相似时，使用 as...as... 像……一样，和……一样She's as tall as her brother. 她和她哥哥一样高。It's as nice today as it was yesterday. 今天天气像昨天（的天气）一样好。

柯林斯词典（Collins dictionary）选出的年度词汇是permacrisis 长期危机由 permanent + crisis 组成permanent 长期的，长久的，永久的，固定的<—> temporary 暂时的，临时的，短暂的复习一下前面学过的语法，<第934课>正在进行时正在进行时用于暂时的情况：Oscar is working at the supermarket this summer. 奥斯卡今年夏天在超市工作。 （这个工作可能是临时的。It is a temporary job.）一般现在时用于长期的、永久的情况：Oscar works at the supermarket. 奥斯卡在超市工作。（这个工作可能是长期的、固定的。It is a permanent job.）a temporary job 一个临时的工作a permanent job 一个长期的工作，固定的工作crisis /sis/ 危机，极其艰难的时期，紧要关头，（疾病的）危险期复数 crises /si:z/柯林斯词典对 permacrisis 的定义是“长期的不稳定与不安全”。

牛津2022年度热词Oxford Word of the Year 2022Goblin mode哥布林模式mode 模式，方式Goblin 哥布林Goblin 是一种在欧洲各国民间传说中的妖怪，最早始于中世纪。在不同的国家、不同的故事里，Goblin的能力、脾气、外貌截然不同，但基本都是身材矮小，很古怪，爱调皮捣蛋，邪恶，贪婪。通常还拥有像仙女或魔鬼一样的魔法能力。我们现在看到的Goblin妖怪形象尖耳朵的，哈利波特里也有Goblin，尖耳朵的侏儒，是银行家或工匠。Goblin mode 哥布林模式指的是一种自我放纵、懒惰、邋遢不修边幅、贪婪的行为，通常是违背社会规范或者社会期望的行为。类似我们现在常说的“摆烂”“躺平”，但不完全一样。Goblin mode 最早2009年出现在社交媒体Twitter（推特）上，到了2022年2月，一条关于明星分手的八卦推文用了Goblin mode，让这个词迅速走红，还上了很多报纸和杂志。（后来证实那条八卦新闻是 fake news 假新闻）今年春天很多国家逐步放松了疫情限制，人们更多地走出家门，经过很长时间居家、少社交的生活，很多人产生了一种拒绝回到过去那种“正常生活（normal life）”的情绪，还有对社交媒体上展现的又精致又完美，其实是很难达到的审美标准和生活方式的反抗情绪。Goblin mode 一词正好抓住了人们的这些情绪。在社交媒体上（国外有Instagram、TikTok，国内有微博、朋友圈等）很多人展示出一种理想化、精心装扮的自己，经过这一段比较艰难的时间，人们在用新的方式来看待“社会规范（social norms）”。norm(s) 名词，规范，准则normal 形容词，规范的，正常的，通常的，正规的in goblin modeto go goblin modeThe Times《泰晤士报》的一篇评论文章说：“too many of us… have gone ‘goblin mode’ in response to a difficult year.”“我们中有太多人……为了应对艰难的一年，进入了哥布林模式。”in response to... 面对…，应对…在公布今年牛津年度词汇的活动上，美国语言学家本·齐默（Ben Zimmer）说：(Goblin mode) it is certainly a 2022 expression.（哥布林模式）毫无疑问是2022年的表达方式。certainly 毫无疑问，确实，肯定expression 表达方式Word of the Year（年度词汇）会反应过去一年里人们的情绪、关注焦点，而且和以往不同的是，今年牛津的年度词汇是第一次让大家投票选出来的（以往是根据数据选出来的）。3个候选词：哥布林模式 Goblin mode、元宇宙 metaverse、#我支持 #IStandWith（#读作hashtag）最后介绍一个很火的APP，叫 BeReal（real 形容词，真实的，真正的）。BeReal没有滤镜，每天一次随机打开前后摄像头，两分钟之内拍照并发布，没时间美颜或P图（修图），展现真实的我们和我们的环境。而且BeReal没有点赞功能。

剑桥词典（Cambridge dictionary）选出的年度热词是homer[非正式的美国英语]（棒球）本垒打 = home run剑桥词典这个英国词典的年度热词竟然是个非正式的美语单词，是怎么回事呢？今年有个非常火爆的英语拼词游戏 Wordle（游戏开发者是位美国软件工程师，叫 Josh Wardle，游戏名字结合了他的姓 wardle 和“单词”word）游戏规则是在六次机会之内，猜一个五个字母的单词。为防止沉迷，游戏每天推出一个单词让玩家猜。Homer 是2022年5月5日的谜底，但对那些对棒球、对非正式美语不熟悉的玩家来说就非常令人沮丧了。大家上网搜索，剑桥词典网站单日 homer 一词的搜索量就超过了65,000次。由于游戏的火爆，还出现了 Wordle effect（Wordle 效应，effect 名词，效果，效应，影响）除了homer，还有像 humor 名词，幽默，滑稽。humor 是美语拼写，英国英语拼写是 humour。tacit 形容词，不明说的，默认的caulk 动词，填缝隙，名词，填缝隙的东西。caulk 是英国英语拼写，美语拼写是 calk。短的单词并不总是容易的！Short words aren't always easy ones!英国英语和美国英语的差异不光是对于英语学习者，对于英语母语者也是非常有趣的。在英语国家，填字游戏（word games）一直非常受欢迎，是学习和娱乐的很好结合。Wordle游戏让五个字母的短单词屡次登上剑桥词典网站的搜索榜单，还成为了年度热词。英国英语和美国英语的差异拼写（spelling） humor[美] humour[英]color[美] colour[英]center[美] centre[英] 中心 词汇（vocabulary）elevator[美] lift[英] 电梯（直梯）candy[美] sweets[英] 糖，糖果在语法上，美国英语和英国英语也有一些区别。

2022年年度词汇 Word of the Year 2022韦氏词典（Merriam-Webster dictionary）选出的是gaslightinggas 煤气，天然气 + light 名词，灯；动词，点亮，照亮gaslight/gas light 煤气灯名词，煤气灯效应，情感操纵，精神控制Gaslighting 这个词是来源于1938年的一部戏剧和1944年的改编电影 Gaslight《煤气灯下》，男主角通过各种谎言、欺骗的手段让他妻子认为她自己疯了，（男人）每天晚上让屋子里的 gas lights（煤气灯）变暗，他又坚持说煤气灯没有暗，让妻子自我怀疑，不相信自己的感知，觉得自己疯了。男人的目的是通过对妻子进行情感操控来获取巨额财富。Gaslighting 在20世纪中叶刚开始使用时，指的是像电影中的欺骗行为。韦氏词典给 gaslighting 的定义是：对一个人的心理操纵，通常会持续很长时间，导致受害者质疑自己的想法、对现实的感知或记忆的可靠性，通常会导致困惑、信心和自尊心的丧失、情绪或精神的不稳定，以及对加害者的依赖。最近几年，gaslighting 有了更为宽泛的定义：严重误导他人的行为或做法，尤其是为了自身利益。在这个用法中，gaslighting 和当下社会的种种欺骗、操纵手段有了联系，如，假新闻（fake news），深度伪造（deepfake）等。lie 动词，说谎，撒谎；名词，谎话，谎言 [个人之间]fraud 名词，诈骗（罪）[涉及公司组织]* gaslighting 既可以用于个人语境，也可以用于社会政治语境，既可以用于日常口语，也可以用正式以及书面写作。deception 名词，欺骗，欺诈manipulation 名词，操纵，控制（出于个人利益操纵某人某事，常指使用不公平或不诚信的方式）（control 控制）mislead 动词，误导，使……产生错误的想法，把……引入歧途（词头mis-（用于动词，或由动词衍生出来的词前）错误地，不良地；lead 动词，引导，带领，领导）2022年韦氏词典 gaslighting 的搜索量比2021年增长了1740%，因此被选为了2022年的年度热词。

不规则动词原形 - 过去式 - 过去分词be - was/were - beenbeat - beat - beaten（美语beat） 打败，战胜become - became - become 变成，成为，变得begin - began - begun 开始bend - bent - bent 弯曲，弯腰bet - bet - bet 打赌，赌博bite - bit - bitten 咬，咬伤，叮咬bleed - bled - bled 流血，出血blow - blew - blown 吹，吹动，被吹走break - broke - broken 破碎，打破，弄坏breed - bred - bred 饲养，（动物）交配繁殖bring - brought - brought 拿来，带来build - built - built 建造，修建，建立burn - burnt/burned - burnt/burned 烧/烫/晒伤，着火，燃烧 buy - bought - bought 买，购买catch - caught - caught 抓住，接住choose - chose - chosen 选择，挑选come - came - come 来，过来cost - cost - cost 价格为，要花费cut - cut - cut 切，割，砍，减少，缩短，降低do - did - done 做dig - dug - dug 挖，挖掘draw - drew - drawn 画，绘画dream - dreamt/dreamed - dreamt/dreamed 做梦，梦见drink - drank - drunk 喝drive - drove - driven 开（车），驾驶eat - ate - eaten 吃fall - fell - fallen 跌倒，跌落，降落feed - fed - fed 喂养，给…提供食物feel - felt - felt 感觉，觉得fight - fought - fought 打架，搏斗，与…作斗争find - found - found 发现，找到fly - flew - flown 飞，飞行forget - forgot - forgotten 忘记，遗忘forgive - forgave - forgiven 原谅，宽恕freeze - froze - frozen 结冰，冷冻保存（食物）get - got - got 获得，得到give - gave - given 给，送给，提供go - went - gone 去，走grow - grew - grown 增长，成长，长大have - had - had 有，拥有hear - heard - heard 听见，听到，听说hide - hid - hidden 躲藏，把…藏起来，遮掩，遮盖hit - hit - hit 击，打，碰撞hold - held - held 握住，抓住，支撑，承受，容纳，包含hurt - hurt - hurt 感到疼痛，弄伤，损害，伤害keep - kept - kept 保有，保存，保留know - knew - known 知道，认识，了解lay - laid - laid 放置，安放，平放lead - led - led 引领，领导lean - leant/leaned - leant/leaned 倾斜，倚，靠learn - learnt/learned - learnt/learned 学习，学会，记住leave - left - left 离开，留下，剩下lend - lent - lent 借出，借给let - let - let 让，允许lose - lost - lost 丢失，失去make - made - made 做，制作，制造mean - meant - meant 意思是，意味着meet - met - met 会面，遇见pay - paid - paid 支付，花钱put - put - put 放，放置quit - quit - quit 辞职，放弃，停止read(/ri:d/) - read(/red/) - read(/red/) 阅读，看懂ride - rode - ridden 骑（自行车、摩托车、马等），乘（车），坐（车）ring - rang - rung 打电话，响起铃声rise - rose - risen 上升，升高，升起，站起，起立run - ran - run 跑步，奔跑say - said - said 说，讲see - saw - seen 看，看见，看出sell - sold - sold 卖，出售send - sent - sent 送，发送，寄set - set - set 放，置，使…处于（指定的地方、位置）shake - shook - shaken 摇动，抖动，颤抖shine - shone/shined - shone/shined 照耀，发光，反光shoot - shot - shot 开（枪），射（箭），（球类比赛）射门，投球show - showed - shown 给…看，出示，显示shrink - shrank - shrunk 缩小，变小shut - shut - shut 关闭，停止营业sing - sang - sung 唱歌sink - sank - sunk 沉默，陷入sit - sat - sat 坐，坐下，就坐sleep - slept - slept 睡觉speak - spoke - spoken 说，讲，说话spend - spent - spent 花费，用spill - spilt/spilled - spilt/spilled 洒出，溅出，涌出spread - spread - spread 铺开，展开，蔓延，扩散speed - sped/speeded - sped/speeded 加速，促进stand - stood - stood 站起来，站立，竖放steal - stole - stolen 偷，窃stick - stuck - stuck 粘住，粘贴，固定住sting - stung - stung （昆虫、植物或动物）叮，刺，蜇stink - stank - stunk 散发异味，发出难闻的气味swear - swore - sworn 发誓，宣誓，诅咒，咒骂sweep - swept - swept 打扫，清扫，扫除swim - swam - swum 游泳swing - swung - swung 摆动，摇摆，摇晃take - took - taken 拿，拿走teach - taught - taught 教，教授tear - tore - torn 撕开，撕掉，撕裂tell - told - told 告诉，说think - thought - thought 想，觉得，认为throw - threw - thrown 投，抛，掷，扔understand - understood - understood 明白，理解，懂得wake - woke - woken 醒来wear - wore - worn 穿（衣服），戴（首饰帽子手套等）win - won - won 赢，赢得，获胜write - wrote - written 写，写字，写信

动词的过去分词规则动词的过去分词和过去式一样（第883-884课讲过）不规则动词的过去分词有些不规则动词的过去分词和过去式、和原形一样，如：put - put - put（发音没有变化）cut - cut - cut（发音没有变化）read /ri:d/ - read /red/ - read /red/（发音有变化）有些不规则动词的过去式和过去分词一样，和原形不一样，如：bring - brought - broughtfeel - felt - felthave - had - had有些不规则动词原形是-d结尾，过去式和过去分词变成-t结尾，如：build - built - builtspend - spent - spentsend - sent - sent有些不规则动词有两种过去式/过去分词，如：learn - learnt/learned - learnt/learneddream - dreamt/dreamed - dreamt/dreamed有些不规则动词的过去分词和过去式是不一样的，如：过去分词以-en结尾，如：write - wrote - written，break - broke - brokenin-an-un模式，如：drink - drank - drunk，sing - sang - sung有些不规则动词由其他动词构成，它们的变化是相同的，如：give - gave - givenforgive - forgave - forgiven 原谅come - came - come become - became - becomestand - stood - stoodunderstand - understood - understood 

上节课讲，现在完成时（the present perfect tense），表示过去某个时间做的事情、动作，但它和现在是有联系的，它的影响和作用持续到现在。当我们谈到经历/经验（experiences）的时候，使用现在完成时。如果我们说到更具体的信息和细节，就会使用一般过去时。A: Have you ever visited France? B: Yes, I have.A: 你去过法国吗？B: 是的，我去过。（现在完成时，用于谈论经验。）A: When did you go? B: I went two years ago.A: 你什么时候去的？B: 我两年前去的。（一般过去时，因为谈论的是过去的具体细节）—>I have been to France. / I have visited France. 我去过法国。I went to France two years ago. 我两年前去过法国。当说到经历/经验（experiences）时，常使用 ever（在以往任何时候，曾经），比如：Have you ever ridden a horse?你骑过马吗？骑马 ride a horse（ride 的过去分词是 ridden）也可以使用 never（从没，从未），比如：I've never been to France.我从没去过法国。

现在完成时 the present perfect tense perfect 完成时的I went to London in 2020.I have been to London.第一句是一般过去时（the past simple tense），在过去的某个时间点，已经完成某个事情、某个动作。一般过去时通常会有时间词，如 in 2020 或 last year 等等。I went to London in 2020. 我2020年去了伦敦。这句话的重点是，这件事发生在2020年，过去的这个时间点。第二句是现在完成时（the present perfect），过去某个时间做的事情、动作，但它和现在是有联系的，它的影响、它的作用持续到现在。I have been to London. 我去过伦敦。这句话的重点是，去过伦敦这是我的一个经历，我曾经做过这个事，到现在还记得去伦敦的经历。它是什么时候发生的并不是重点。现在完成时的形式have/has + 动词的过去分词肯定形式I have worked. (I've worked.) 我工作过。You have worked (You've worked.)He / She / It has worked. (He's / She's / It's worked.)We have worked. (We've worked.)They have worked. (They've worked.)否定形式I have not worked. (I haven't worked.) 我没有工作过。You have not worked. (You haven't worked.)He / She / It has not worked. (He / She / It hasn't worked.)We have not worked. (We haven't worked.)They have not worked. (They haven't worked.)疑问形式Have I worked? 我工作过的吗？Have you worked?Has he / she / it worked?Have we worked?Have they worked?简短回答Yes I have. / No I haven't.Yes you have. / No you haven't.Yes he/she/it has. / No he/she/it hasn't.Yes we have. / No we haven't.Yes they have. / No they haven't.

(be) going to也可以用来预测将要发生的事，和 will / might 的区别是：(be) going to 用于我们可以看到证据或迹象 we can see evidence evidence 证据，证明（不可数）我觉得（可能）会下雨。可能就是感觉，没有实质证据，可以说：I think it will rain. I think it might rain.如果我看到有乌云（I can see black clouds.），乌云是evidence（证据），那使用 (be) going to 就更准确（表达推测）：I think it's going to rain. 我想要下雨了。I think we are going to have a storm. 我想会有一场暴风雨。storm 暴风雨说这句话的时候可能 The temperature is hot, there's no wind, and I can see black clouds.（气温很高，没有风，我看到有乌云。）(Be) going to 的否定表达，可以说I don't think…It isn't going to…I don't think it's going to rain.我觉得不会下雨。It isn't going to get hotter next week.下周天气不会更热了。

will 会…，要… might 可能…，也许… It will rain later.过会儿会下雨。It might rain later.过会儿可能会下雨。当我们确信某事会发生时，用 will。当事情不太确定时，用 might。It might rain later. Take an umbrella with you. 过会儿可能会下雨，带上雨伞。（有一半可能性）It will be sunny later. 过会儿会出太阳。（非常有可能）sunny 阳光明媚的，阳光充足的否定形式It won't…It won't snow until December.要到十二月才会下雪。It might not…It might not be sunny at the beach.海滩上可能没有阳光。

还有一种方式可以用来表达 future intentions 将来的打算——will（第893~895课讲过）① Will 用于表示比较确定的事情或计划中的事情：I'll be back later tonight.我今晚比较晚回来。We won't have enough money to buy a new house this year.今年我们没有足够的钱买新个房子。② Will 用于预测将来发生的事情：I'm sure he'll be a successful lawyer one day.我相信有一天他会成为一名成功的律师。I think he'll get a promotion next month.我想他下个月会升职。promotion 升职，晋升③ Will 用于表示即刻的决定（不是事先计划的决定）[餐厅点餐]I think I'll have the chicken.我要鸡肉。[当看到有人拿着很重的包时] I'll help you with your bags. 我帮你拿行李。X 这种情况不说 I'm going to help you with your bags 或 I'm helping you with your bags，因为不是事先计划好的。请大家用以下五个各造一个句子，表示将来的打算。be going to现在进行时be thinking ofbe planning to will

think 动词，思考，考虑plan 动词，计划，打算我们可以用be thinking of + 动名词（动词ing）be planning to + 动词原形来讲没有完全确定的活动、计划。I'm thinking of taking up running.我在考虑开始跑步。take up 开始（活动或工作）We're thinking of getting a dog.我们正在考虑养只狗。I'm planning to study abroad next year.我计划明年出国留学。study abroad 出国留学（abroad 在国外，到国外）The four biggest banks are all planning to cut their service charges.四大银行都计划降低服务费。service charge(s) 服务费（charge 名词，收费，费用，价格）cut 动词，减少，降低，缩短，削减

前面第936课学过可以用现在进行时（present continuous tense）表示已经计划的事情、活动安排。而且，现在进行时的句子里常有时间词（如，明天，今天下午等）。我们在记录将来的打算时（如，记日记时），常常会用现在进行时。Be going to 和现在进行时非常像，日常用哪个都可以。I'm visiting our new office in London this afternoon. I'm gong to visit our new office in London this afternoon.今天下午我要参观我们在伦敦的新办公室。You're meeting the boss tomorrow. You're going to meet the boss tomorrow.你明天要（去）见老板。He is working from home next week. He is going to work from home next week.他下周居家办公。work from home 在家工作，居家办公We're taking the train to Scotland. We're going to take the train to Scotland.我们要坐火车去苏格兰。Scotland 苏格兰They're leaving later today. They're going to leave later today.他们打算今天晚点儿离开。leave later 更晚一些走/离开（later 比较级，更晚地，更迟地）

Be going to 的疑问句把 be 换到主语的前面Am I going to…?Are you going to…?Is he / she going to…?Are we going to…?Are they going to…?I'm going to play tennis tomorrow. —> Am I going to play tennis tomorrow?You're going to see your cousin next week.—> Are you going to see your cousin next week?He / She is going to get married in September.—> Is he / she going to get married in September?We're going to have a party this weekend.—> Are we going to have a party this weekend?They are going to save up for a new car.—> Are they going to save up for a new car?简短回答Yes I am. / No I'm not.Yes you are. / No you aren't (或 No you're not.)Yes he/she is. / No he/she isn't.Yes we are. / No we aren't. (或 No we're not.)Yes they are. / No they aren't. (或 No they're not.)否定形式I am not going to leave my job.我不打算辞职。leave my job 辞职You aren't going to visit your cousin this week.这个星期你不打算去看表姐/哥/弟/妹。He / She isn't going to get married.他/她不打算结婚。We aren't going to move house.我们不打算搬家。They aren't going to study at university.他们不打算在大学学习。

我们学几种方式来表达 future intentions（将来的打算）/ future plans（将来的计划）future 将来，未来，今后intention(s) 意图，打算be going to + 动词原形I am going to play tennis tomorrow.I'm going to play tennis tomorrow.我打算明天打网球。You are going to see your cousin next week.You're going to see your cousin next week.你打算下周去看表姐/哥/弟/妹。He / She is going to get married in September.He's / She's going to get married in September.他/她打算在9月结婚。We are going to have a party this weekend.We're going to have a party this weekend.我们打算这周末办个聚会。They are going to save up for a new car.They're going to save up for a new car.他们打算攒钱买一辆新车。这句也可以说 They're going to save up to buy a new car.