The Tox Lab

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re back with a long-awaited update on novel synthetic opioids.We begin by discussing the April 2026 UNODC announcement on the increasingly varied forms in which synthetic opioids are being encountered, including vapes, powders, and counterfeit tablets marketed as benzodiazepines, oxycodone, and MDMA.We then turn to the emergence of orphine analogues in both the UK and the US, discussing recent reports and trends associated with these compounds.Finally, we examine a clinical case involving N-propionitrile chlorphine (cychlorphine), exploring the toxicological features and the challenges these emerging opioids present for clinicians, laboratories, and public health systems.Join us as we examine the changing landscape of novel synthetic opioids, consider what these developments may mean for toxicology, harm reduction, and public health, and discuss where the market may be heading next.Hope you enjoy!This episode is very kindly sponsored by Cayman Chemical. Check out their Synthetic Opioid Analytical Standards Panel here: https://www.caymanchem.com/product/44436/synthetic-opioid-analytical-standards-panel-1Links to papers we discussed:https://www.unodc.org/LSS/Announcement/Details/973e194e-f8d6-4b4e-8aca-166aaec4ac7c https://www.polizei.bayern.de/aktuelles/pressemitteilungen/100413/index.html https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/dar.70081 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/69f3343fab602a88957eef2b/Seventh_addendum_to_the_ACMD_report_on_the_use_and_harms_of_2-benzyl-benzimidazole__nitazene__and_piperidine_benzimidazolone__brorphine-like__opioids_FINAL.pdf https://www.cfsre.org/nps-discovery/public-alerts/increase-in-fatal-overdoses-linked-to-novel-synthetic-opioid-n-propionitrile-chlorphine-cychlorphine https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15563650.2025.2594070 Link to our paper on N-pyrrolidino Isotonitazene: https://academic.oup.com/jat/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/jat/bkag027/8663758?redirectedFrom=fulltext Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected] us here: https://buymeacoffee.com/thetoxlab

This week on The Tox Lab, we are taking a look at the role of naloxone in risk taking behaviours, harm reduction and disparities surrounding naloxone access. We begin by discussing a study looking at the expansion of naloxone access laws in the United States, exploring whether increased availability is associated with changes in heroin use among adolescents.We then turn to a commentary paper examining the benefits and limitations of educating school children recognise an opioid overdose and administer naloxone.Finally we discuss a paper investigating disparities in naloxone uptake amongst different ethnic and racial groups, and between individuals who inject versus smoke substances. Join us as we explore the impact of naloxone access, education, and disparities, and consider what these findings mean for harm reduction and public health. Hope you enjoy!Links to the papers we discussed:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0955395923000294 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/josh.70089https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41428846/Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected] us here: https://buymeacoffee.com/thetoxlab

A year after we first took a look at mitragynine (kratom), we are back with an update episode looking at how the landscape surrounding mitragynine is evolving.We begin by examining poison centre data, exploring trends in reported exposures in the US and internationally, and the increase in its use.We then discuss a case involving semi-synthetic mitragynine derivatives, including 7-hydroxymitragynine and mitragynine pseudoindoxyl, highlighting the clinical features including dose escalation, and challenges associated with withdrawal.Finally, we turn to reports of combined use of kratom and kava, and consider how this may influence toxicity and withdrawal.Join us as we examine emerging data, evolving patterns of use, and the clinical implications of mitragynine and its derivatives, and consider what these findings mean for toxicology and public health.Hope you enjoy!If you'd like us to cover an episode on Kava, please let us know in the comments!Links to the papers we discussed:https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/75/wr/mm7511a1.htm https://www.cureus.com/articles/467977-severe-early-onset-withdrawal-following-intentional-use-of-mitragynine-pseudoindoxyl-a-case-report-and-emerging-clinical-considerations#!/ https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/75/wr/pdfs/mm7512a1-H.pdf https://journals.lww.com/journaladdictionmedicine/abstract/9900/kava_potentiated_withdrawal_in_persons_using.687.aspx Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected] us here: https://buymeacoffee.com/thetoxlab

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re examining the controversial 2006 Lancet paper on codeine and fatal opioid toxicity in a breastfed infant.We begin by introducing the paper and the case at its centre, in which an infant developed fatal opioid toxicity following exposure to codeine via breast milk.We then explore the proposed mechanism, focusing on the role of CYP2D6 metabolism and how variability in this pathway may lead to higher-than-expected morphine concentrations.We also discuss the limitations and criticisms of the paper, including questions around causality, alternative explanations, and the extent to which pharmacogenetics alone can account for the outcome.Finally, we consider the wider impact of this publication, including changes to clinical guidance, prescribing practices, and the ongoing debate around codeine use in breastfeeding individuals.Join us as we examine the pharmacology, pharmacogenetics, and controversy surrounding this landmark case, and consider what this means for clinical toxicology and patient safety.Hope you enjoy!Links to the papers we discussed:https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(06)69255-6/abstract https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(26)00245-X/fulltext https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140673608612544/abstract https://ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cpt.1882 Link to the New Yorker Article : https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2026/02/02/did-a-celebrated-researcher-obscure-a-fatal-poisoning Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected] us here: https://buymeacoffee.com/thetoxlab

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re examining pesticides and their role in toxicology.We begin by discussing a study investigating pesticide exposure in florists, highlighting occupational risks and the potential for chronic low-level exposure.We then turn to a paper analysing pesticide residue levels in commonly consumed fruits, including kiwifruit and bananas, and consider what this may mean for dietary exposure. Finally, we discuss a study examining pesticide-related fatalities in Turkey, exploring the clinical and toxicological features associated with these cases.Join us as we explore the occupational, environmental, and clinical aspects of pesticide exposure, and consider what these findings mean for toxicology and public health.Hope you enjoy!Links to the papers we discussed:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5451977/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273230026000103?via%3Dihubhttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12024-026-01220-x Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected] us on: https://buymeacoffee.com/thetoxlab

This week on The Tox Lab, we continue our discussion on GHB, focusing on its role in forensic toxicology.We begin by examining a study investigating GHB in drug‑facilitated crime in Paris, highlighting patterns of reported incidents and toxicological findings.We then turn to post‑mortem toxicology, discussing the challenges of interpreting GHB concentrations after death and exploring research aimed at distinguishing post‑mortem formation from exogenous intake.Join us as we explore the forensic applications, interpretive challenges, and analytical considerations associated with GHB, and consider how these factors impact casework.This is part two of a two‑part series on GHB. In last week’s episode, we explored patterns of use, harms, and user perspectives.Hope you enjoy!Links to the papers we discussed:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0379073825003780?via%3Dihub https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589871X24000925?via%3Dihub https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073825001306?via%3Dihub Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re examining GHB, its use, and the harms associated with it.We begin by exploring what GHB is and how it works, before turning to a study from Australia examining trends in use over a 10-year period and the associated increase in harms.We then discuss a qualitative study focusing on GHB use among individuals identifying as heterosexual, exploring patterns of use, motivations, and the ways in which users perceive and navigate risk, harm, and stigma.Join us as we examine the pharmacology, patterns of use, and lived experiences associated with GHB, and consider what these findings may mean for understanding its risks.This is part one of a two-part series. In next week’s episode, we will turn to the forensic aspects of GHB.Hope you enjoy!Links to the papers we discussed:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.70308 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12954-026-01405-1 Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re taking a closer look at poison centre data and how it can be used to identify drug trends and support toxicovigilance efforts.We begin by discussing a study analysing data from six European poison centres in the Netherlands, Freiburg, Austria, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. The paper examines reports involving the eleven most commonly encountered recreational drugs and highlights how patterns of drug use differ both over time and between countries.We then turn to a study focusing on reports of novel psychoactive substances submitted to several European poison centres in 2021, exploring how these data can contribute to monitoring emerging substances and strengthening drug early warning systems.Join us as we explore how poison centre data can provide valuable insights into drug use trends and play an important role in toxicology surveillance and public health.Hope you enjoy!Links to the papers we discussed:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15563650.2026.2628073 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15563650.2024.2430311 Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re taking a closer look at one of the world’s oldest drugs, alcohol, and some of the fatal complications associated with chronic misuse.We discuss several cases that highlight the complex and sometimes unexpected consequences of long-term alcohol use, including hypokalaemic rhabdomyolysis, sudden unexpected death in individuals with alcohol misuse, and a fatal case of delirium tremens.Using these cases, we explore the underlying mechanisms that may contribute to these outcomes and how chronic alcohol use can predispose individuals to severe and potentially fatal complications.Join us as we examine the clinical features, mechanisms, and toxicological considerations surrounding the fatal consequences of chronic alcohol misuse.Hope you enjoy!Links to the papers we discussed:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1344622326000556?casa_token=b4hFH3pyA7oAAAAA:f55en_CZh6ea1Wf-hG98mab7NfYlMWcqEy_c7SEyio08hDyy5eTwqwFwcMS029YHfZABlCOiMhQ https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12665443/ https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00258172261419305 Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re exploring dopamine agonists and their role in the development of impulse-related conditions such as gambling disorder, hypersexuality, and hobbyism.We cover a couple of case studies where dopamine agonists have led to these behavioural changes before discussing a review paper that examines the role of these medications in the development of addiction and gambling disorder.Finally, we turn to the potential legal implications and discuss a High Court judgement examining a breach of duty following the development of impulse control disorder and psychosis during dopamine agonist therapy, and the importance of counselling patients about these risks.Join us as we explore how dopaminergic therapies can influence behaviour, and the clinical and legal considerations that arise when pharmacology intersects with addiction and impulse control.Hope you enjoy!Links to the papers we discussed:https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2021/02120/pathological_gambling_in_a_patient_on_piribedil__a.46.aspx https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40290-022-00453-9 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2880944/ https://vlex.co.uk/vid/hazel-kennedy-v-dr-841086105 Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re discussing tetrodotoxin, the potent neurotoxin most commonly associated with pufferfish.We cover a clinical case of tetrodotoxin poisoning following ingestion of pufferfish stew, which initially followed the expected progression of symptoms before the emergence of unusual neurological features. We then turn to alternative sources of tetrodotoxin, including its presence in trumpet shells off the coast of Portugal, and explore how tetrodotoxin and its analogues may appear in unexpected places.Finally, we put our forensic hats on and examine a case in which tetrodotoxin was used in a homicide.Join us as we explore how a well-known marine toxin can present in unexpected ways across clinical and forensic toxicology. Hope you enjoy!Links to the papers we discussed:https://www.signavitae.com/articles/10.22514/sv.2026.015https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956713525002221?via%3Dihubhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1752928X21000378?via%3Dihub Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re taking a closer look at CBD and its effects on sleep.CBD is widely marketed for insomnia and sleep disturbance, but what does the evidence actually show? In this episode, we begin by examining survey data demonstrating that some individuals report improvements in sleep with CBD use.We then unpack the pharmacology, focusing on CBD’s inhibition of adenosine uptake and how this may influence sleep regulation. We also discuss a randomised controlled trial investigating CBD in insomnia, highlighting findings that may contradict anecdotal evidence. Finally, we propose a mechanism through which CBD may be more beneficial for improving sleep in individuals who consume caffeine.Join us as we explore the intersection of pharmacology, perception, and clinical data, and consider what the current evidence really tells us about CBD and sleep.Hope you enjoy!Links to the papers we discussed:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s42238-021-00061-5www.pnas.orgcgidoi10.1073pnas.0511232103 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11063694/Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re taking a closer look at monoamine oxidase inhibitors and their interactions with other substances.We begin by revisiting how MAOIs work and why inhibition of monoamine oxidase can create significant risks when combined with other drugs. Using a recent review paper as our guide, we explore reported interactions between MAOIs and commonly used psychoactive substances, and what this means for toxicity and clinical risk.We then turn to emerging research on the psychedelic compound APBT, examining its in vitro and in vivo metabolism and its activity as a potent monoamine oxidase inhibitor. This raises important questions about unrecognised MAOI activity in novel psychoactive substances and the potential for unexpected interactions.Join us as we unpack the pharmacology of MAO inhibition, interaction-driven toxicity, and what this evolving evidence means for clinical and forensic toxicology.Hope you enjoy!Links to the papers we discussed:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41546846/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0300483X26000090?via%3Dihub Link to the article Rob mentioned: https://metro.co.uk/2018/05/16/brieing-is-the-new-cheese-and-mdma-drug-craze-middle-class-women-are-trying-7548127/Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re exploring the stability of nitazenes in post-mortem samples and what this means for toxicological interpretation.We discuss a recent study we have been involved in, from the unusual toxicology findings that first raised questions through to controlled stability experiments in animal models. We also examine data from the National Programme on Substance Use Mortality (NPSUM), highlighting evidence that nitazenes may be under-detected in casework and the challenges this creates for forensic toxicology.Join us as we unpack how stability influences post-mortem results, what this means for detecting nitazenes in real-world cases, and the wider implications for surveillance and forensic practice.Hope you enjoy!Links to the papers we discussed:https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2025.2601141 Link to the BBC documentary:https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0021qslDisclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re taking a closer look at bupropion and its distinctive toxicity profile in overdose.We explore a case of bupropion overdose to examine the often complex clinical presentation, including seizures and cardiovascular complications, as well as the challenges of management and potential longer-term consequences. We then unpack the mechanism underlying bupropion-associated seizures and how these differ from other antidepressants.We also turn our attention to the cardiac effects seen in overdose, focusing on QRS widening, why traditional treatments such as sodium bicarbonate may be ineffective, and what current evidence suggests about the underlying mechanism.Join us as we examine how bupropion behaves in overdose, what makes its toxicology unique, and what this means for clinical management and interpretation.Hope you enjoy!Links to the papers we discussed:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12735355/ https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12281246/ https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15563650.2023.2218029https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4294106/pdf/bph0171-4808.pdf Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re taking a closer look at quaaludes and their modern analogues.Once synonymous with a particular era of drug use, quaaludes have largely disappeared from the illicit market. But have they really gone away? We explore the history of methaqualone, how and why it fell out of use, and what has appeared in its place.We then dive into a review examining a wide range of methaqualone analogues, focusing on how these substances are described by users, the variability in their effects, and what this means for interpretation.Join us as we unpack the legacy of quaaludes, the chemistry behind their analogues, and what user experiences can tell us about substances that are often poorly characterised.This episode is very kindly sponsored by Cayman Chemical. Check them out here: https://www.caymanchem.com/ Hope you enjoy!Links to the paper we discussed:https://ejournals.eu/en/journal/amsik/article/review-of-the-experiences-of-users-of-methaqualone-and-methaqualone-derivatives-an-analysis-of-online-forums Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re exploring naloxone and its effectiveness in the context of novel synthetic opioid overdoses.Naloxone remains a cornerstone of opioid overdose management, but the emergence of highly potent synthetic opioids has raised important questions about whether standard approaches are still sufficient. We discuss clinical nitazene exposure data from Australia, examining the concentrations detected in patients and how naloxone was used in these cases.We also review a striking case of occupational carfentanil exposure in a veterinarian, where reversal was achieved with naltrexone. To tie this together, we dive into the pharmacology, exploring what may be happening at the receptor level.Join us as we unpack the clinical data, receptor dynamics, and real-world challenges of managing overdoses in an ever-evolving synthetic opioid landscape.Hope you enjoy!Links to the papers we discussed:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dar.13998 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0735675710001178?via%3Dihub https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10912486/ Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re exploring early warning systems and their growing role in toxicology and public health.We break down the core principles that underpin early warning systems, before focusing on how these frameworks are applied to drug early warning systems aimed at identifying emerging substances and harms. We then discuss a recent paper examining the value of incorporating experiential reports from people who use drugs, and how these insights might strengthen surveillance and response efforts.Join us as we unpack how early warning systems are built, what makes them effective, and how listening to lived experience could help detect and prevent harm sooner.Hope you enjoy!Links to the papers we discussed:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955395925002427https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955395925003949 Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

Welcome back to The Tox Lab! We are kicking off 2026 by exploring drugs that disrupt metabolism and the consequences that can follow.In this episode, we focus on compounds that alter glucose metabolism and the interplay between toxicology and biochemistry. We discuss a fatal case of metformin toxicity and the analytical and interpretive challenges involved in recognising this diagnosis.We then turn to amphetamine-like weight loss drugs, examining the risks they pose to individuals with diabetes and the evidence linking methamphetamine use to an increased risk of fatal diabetic ketoacidosis. Finally, we explore a case involving SGLT2 inhibitor therapy and unexpected positive urine ethanol results, highlighting the importance of pre-analytical factors and careful interpretation in toxicology.Join us as we unpack how drugs can interfere with metabolic pathways, why these effects matter clinically, and what toxicologists need to consider when metabolism goes wrong.Hope you enjoy!Links to the papers we discussed:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037907382500324Xhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2015/917869https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00258024211020936?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmedhttps://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2313463Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re closing out the year with a festive twist as we explore the link between marzipan, bitter almonds, and cyanide.We take a closer look at the chemistry linking cyanide to almonds and discuss a case of intentional bitter almond ingestion. We then turn to National Poisons Information Service data to examine patterns of cyanide exposure, clinical outcomes, and the antidotes used in management.To round off the episode, we dip into the archives with a historical case report describing thallium poisoning linked to contaminated marzipan, reminding us that even festive treats can carry hidden toxicological risks.Join us for a seasonal deep dive into poisons, cases, and chemistry as we wrap up the year on a sweet but slightly sinister note.Hope you enjoy!We're taking a little break over the festive season but will be back with a brand new episode on the 5th January!Links to the papers we discussed:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ccr3.8418https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15563650.2022.2080074https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/15563659409017979Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re taking a closer look at serotonin and its intriguing role in both depression and epilepsy.We review recent data examining the seizure risk associated with different classes of antidepressants and what this means for clinical decision making. We then explore a case report in which sertraline, an SSRI, appeared to have an anti-seizure effect, challenging some long-held assumptions. Finally, we discuss emerging evidence on the potential use of serotonergic therapies in epilepsy management and even in reducing the risk of SUDEP.Join us as we unravel the complex relationship between serotonin, antidepressants, and seizure disorders, and what this evolving evidence could mean for patient care.Hope you enjoy!Links to the papers we discussed:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032725005853?via%3Dihubhttps://www.seizure-journal.com/article/S1059-1311(20)30145-X/fulltexthttps://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8478129/Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we are examining the growing evidence around cannabis and cardiovascular risk.We start with a recent systematic review and meta-analysis that explores whether cannabis use is linked to higher rates of cardiovascular disease. We break down the strength of the data and discuss what the current evidence can and cannot tell us.We then move onto research investigating how THC and its metabolites affect cardiac myocyte structure and function. These findings offer a possible mechanistic explanation for cardiac dysregulation and may help connect population-level associations with cellular effects.Join us as we unpack the toxicology, the uncertainties, and what this emerging research means for clinicians, researchers, and anyone interested in the evolving science of cannabis and heart health.Hope you enjoy!Links to the papers we discussed:https://heart.bmj.com/content/111/22/1047.longhttps://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.123.030178https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8835806/pdf/ijms-23-01401.pdfDisclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re diving into the emerging world of “space oil”, the anesthetic drug etomidate, which has begun appearing in the recreational drug supply across parts of Asia and beyond.We explore several cases involving etomidate vaping, where repeated exposure led to adrenal insufficiency due to its potent inhibition of 11β-hydroxylase. We also discuss a fatal ingestion case, highlighting just how dangerous this drug can become when used outside controlled medical settings.Etomidate’s presence isn’t limited to Asia: it has recently been detected alongside fentanyl in Philadelphia and identified in a handful of UK seizures, raising important questions about its evolving role in the illicit drug market. With emerging analogues starting to surface, the landscape may become even more complex.Join us as we unpack the pharmacology, the clinical consequences, and why etomidate is now a substance toxicologists are watching closely.Hope you enjoy!Links to the papers we discussed:https://www.hkmj.org/system/files/hkmj2412244.pdfhttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12024-024-00813-8https://hip.phila.gov/document/4686/PDPH-HAN-429U-Etomidate-08.12.2024-1.pdf/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/acmd-review-of-the-evidence-on-the-use-and-harms-of-etomidateDisclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re taking a closer look at organophosphates, a diverse group of compounds used everywhere from agriculture to chemical warfare.We walk through two real-world poisoning cases: an accidental exposure from a head lice treatment and an intentional ingestion of phorate, illustrating just how wide the spectrum of organophosphate toxicity can be. Along the way, we break down their mechanism of action, why their effects can be so severe, and the key treatment approaches clinicians depend on.We also revisit the Salisbury poisonings, exploring the devastating impact of organophosphate nerve agents and the wider implications for public health and emergency response.Join us as we unpack the chemistry, the clinical realities, and the far-reaching consequences of these powerful compounds.Hope you enjoy!Links to the papers we discussed:https://academic.oup.com/jat/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/jat/bkaf096/8300174?redirectedFrom=fulltexthttps://www.frontiersin.org/journals/toxicology/articles/10.3389/ftox.2025.1581362/fullDisclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re exploring a series of fascinating and unusual poisoning cases, each with its own toxic twist.From hair straightening treatments and bearded fireworms to midodrine, isotocyanozene, and sodium azide, we discuss the mechanisms, clinical presentations, and toxicological challenges behind each case.Join us as we unpack what these cases reveal about the diverse and sometimes surprising ways that chemicals and compounds can cause harm. Hope you enjoy!Links to the papers we discussed:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15563650.2025.2577706?src=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15563650.2025.2541702https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15563650.2025.2546073https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15563650.2025.2528995https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15563650.2025.2528990Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re turning our attention inward to errors in toxicology.From calibration and maintenance mistakes to reporting issues and even instances of fraud, we unpack how things can go wrong in the analytical process and what that means for the credibility of our field.We explore the real-world consequences of these errors and most importantly, what we can learn from them to strengthen toxicology as a discipline.Join us for a candid look at accuracy, accountability, and the human side of science.Hope you enjoy!Link to the paper we discussed:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589871X25000580 Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re discussing brorphine — a novel synthetic opioid that briefly appeared on the drug market around 2020.We explore its emergence and pharmacology, including data on its activity at the µ-opioid receptor. We also discuss one of the few documented case studies describing an individual presenting for detoxification following brorphine use. Finally, we review recent research examining its in vitro and in vivo metabolites, highlighting how these findings may offer new ways to detect this short-lived substance.Although brorphine is now under international control, could other “orphine” analogues step into the spotlight, potentially replacing nitazenes as the next wave of synthetic opioids?Join us as we unpack the chemistry, the risks, and what the story of brorphine reveals about the constantly shifting landscape of synthetic opioids.Hope you enjoy!Links to the papers we discussed:https://academic.oup.com/jat/article-abstract/44/9/937/5879253?login=falsehttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0379073821003091?via%3DihubDisclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re celebrating our 50th episode — and one whole year of toxicology talk! 🎉Join us as we look back on some of our most memorable moments from the past year, revisit a few topics with new updates, and share what’s next for The Tox Lab.Whether you’ve been here since episode one or you’re just joining us, thank you for being part of our growing community of toxicologists, scientists, and curious listeners. Here’s to another year of exploring the science behind the substances!Hope you enjoy!Link to ketamine paper we mentioned:https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811251373058Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re revisiting one of history’s most infamous poisons — arsenic.Once dubbed the king of poisons, arsenic still poses real risks today. We discuss recent research on arsenic in the water supply and how prenatal exposure may influence birth outcomes in the United States. We also review two unusual cases of intentional elemental arsenic ingestion, exploring the unexpected clinical effects observed, along with a case of chronic arsenic toxicity.Join us as we uncover how this Victorian-era poison continues to challenge toxicologists in the modern world.Hope you enjoy!Links to the papers we discussed:https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2835321https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15563650.2025.2496223https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12328-024-02045-3Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re embracing autumn and diving into the fascinating, and sometimes dangerous, world of mushrooms.We explore ten years of mushroom exposure data reported to the UK National Poisons Information Service, examining the species most often involved and the mechanisms behind their toxicity. We also take a look at commercial products containing mushrooms and discuss a paper showing that some may not always contain what they claim.Join us as we unpack the science, the surprises, and the toxicology of mushrooms this autumn.Hope you enjoy!Links to papers we discussed:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15563650.2025.2507357https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2838765https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/sabs/Documents/2024-sn-015.pdfDisclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re taking a closer look at clozapine, a highly effective antipsychotic with a complex toxicological profile.We review a study from Western Sydney examining cases of self-poisoning and adverse drug reactions, discuss a case of chronic clozapine toxicity, and explore new research into its effects on cardiac mitochondria.From clinical outcomes to cellular mechanisms, we unpack the risks, challenges, and unanswered questions around this fascinating but unpredictable drug.Hope you enjoy!Links to the papers we discussed:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10522536/https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11954577/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214750025001088?via%3DihubDisclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re discussing medetomidine and its unexpected association with hallucinations.We review a recent paper highlighting its emergence in the drug supply and the apparent increase in hallucinatory effects reported with its use. Although medetomidine has been linked to reducing post-operative delirium, we also discuss a case report of dexmedetomidine-induced delirium in a patient with schizophrenia — adding to the complexity of this picture. And yes, we even wonder what dogs might be dreaming about when they come round from their vet visit.We then explore a possible mechanism for these effects, including the hypothesis that activity at the kappa opioid receptor could play a role.We'd love to hear your thoughts on this, so please get in touch!Hope you enjoy!Links to the papers we discussed:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/dar.70024https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11312422/Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re taking a closer look at diphenidine and other diarylethylamines — a class of drugs that briefly emerged as alternatives to ketamine.We explore their history, reported effects, and the fatalities linked to their use before they faded from the drug scene. With current discussions around reclassifying ketamine, we ask: could diphenidine — or similar substances — make a comeback?Join us as we unpack the toxicology, the risks, and the lessons from their short but impactful appearance.Hope you enjoy!Link to the paper we discussed:https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811251349203?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmedDisclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re diving into the world of GLP-1 receptor agonists, including the well-known weight loss drug Ozempic.We explore how these drugs work and their potential benefits beyond weight loss, including effects on heart health. We then discuss a case of intentional Ozempic overdose, examining the clinical presentation and outcomes.Finally, we turn to the growing problem of counterfeit Ozempic — exploring what’s really in these fake products, why people are taking the risk, and the dangers this trend poses for public health.Join us as we unpack both the promise and the pitfalls of this so-called “miracle” drug.Hope you enjoy!Links to the papers we discussed:https://journals.lww.com/practicalpsychiatry/abstract/2024/11000/clinical_manifestations_of_semaglutide_overdose__a.10.aspxhttps://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2821502https://www.bmj.com/content/383/bmj.p2506.fullhttps://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10739421/Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re shaking things up with a case-based mystery episode.We walk through four real-life poisoning cases, starting with how each patient presented and progressed, before revealing the substance behind the toxic effects. Can you solve the puzzle before we uncover the cause?If you like this style of episode, let us know in the comments below! Hope you enjoy!⚠️ Spoiler alert! Links to the papers we discussed:A case of glitter poisoning: https://www.thepoisonjournal.com/articles/severe-glitter-poisoning-case-report Snake firework ingestion: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15563650.2025.2474563Mass Aconite poisoning:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15563650.2025.2526115 - Don't forget to check out The Poison Lab podcast for a deep dive into this case!A case of bromism ingestion after AI advice: https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/aimcc.2024.1260Editor’s note: Yes, we mixed up “chloride” with “chlorine” and “bromide” with “bromine.” If you do the same, don’t worry — we’ll cover your case in a future episode.Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re talking about 2C-B and “Tusi” — two drugs often confused, but very different in composition and effects.We explore Dutch Poison Information Centre data on 2C-B, examining reported exposures and the spectrum of effects across low, moderate, and high doses. We then turn to casework from the Miami-Dade Medical Examiner Toxicology Laboratory to look at “Tusi” (also known as Tucibi or pink cocaine), discussing what’s actually found in these samples and what this means for interpretation.Join us as we untangle the realities behind these two commonly misunderstood substances. Hope you enjoy!Links to the papers we discussed:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S019606442030278X#:~:text=Conclusion,addition%20to%20mild%20somatic%20effectshttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1556-4029.70012Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re taking a closer look at ibogaine — a plant-derived alkaloid attracting interest as a potential treatment for addiction.We discuss a study from New Zealand exploring its use in opioid dependence, while also highlighting the serious risks reported in case studies, including severe cardiotoxicity. We then turn to National Poisons Information Service data to examine recent trends in ibogaine use in the UK.Can the therapeutic potential of ibogaine ever outweigh its dangers? Join us as we unpack the evidence, the risks, and the unanswered questions around this compound.Hope you enjoy!Link to the papers we discussed:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/00952990.2017.1310218?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmedhttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15563650.2024.2447500#:~:text=Our%20cases%20are%20consistent%20with,of%20cardiac%20output%20and%20arresthttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/joa3.12061https://erowid.org/experiences/exp.php?ID=63089Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re diving into the surprising sides of nicotine.Beyond its well-known risks, we explore how nicotine might have therapeutic potential in conditions like schizophrenia and dementia—where deficits in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors could play a role. We also discuss the MIND study, which is testing whether nicotine can boost memory, attention, and learning in dementia patients.Then, we turn to the other side of the story—nicotine as a poison—examining U.S. poison centre data on exposures in children, and what trends and outcomes tell us about the risks.From possible medicine to dangerous toxin, join us as we explore the full spectrum of nicotine’s impact.Hope you enjoy!Links to papers we discussed:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9020415/https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10854606/https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02720445https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/156/2/e2024070522/202640/Nicotine-Ingestions-Among-Young-Children-2010-2023?autologincheck=redirectedDisclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re taking a closer look at BTMPS.A compound used as a light stabiliser in plastics, BTMPS unexpectedly surfaced in the U.S. drug supply in the summer of 2024. We unpack what’s known so far about its emergence, discuss possible reasons for its appearance, and revisit earlier research exploring its activity at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and signs of cardiotoxicity in animal models.Join us as we examine what makes this compound so unexpected—and why it’s raising eyebrows in toxicology.Hope you enjoy!Links to the papers we discussed:https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2829939https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376871625002169?via%3Dihubhttps://www.cfsre.org/nps-discovery/public-alerts/an-update-on-the-presence-of-btmps-in-the-drug-supply-and-the-discovery-of-tetramethylfentanyl-related-substances#:~:text=in%20April%202025%20and%20since,acquisition%20of%20standard%20reference%20materialhttps://academic.oup.com/toxsci/article-abstract/77/2/368/1678969?redirectedFrom=fulltexthttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0028390809003141?casa_token=Fhh1rnqcuBcAAAAA:YpFG5go4VuiD9gW-cpdH1eipRNS6R104T68cuhwSF-wyp7piS8yp_UvpCi3wbreT_M82npMYVrE4Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re taking a closer look at death cap mushrooms following the recent conclusion of the Erin Patterson case.We explore the toxicology of Amanita phalloides, from the mechanism of amatoxins to the clinical course of poisoning and the challenges of treatment. We also look at poison centre data from California to understand how often suspected exposures are reported—and how they present in real-world cases.Join us as we unpack the toxicology of one of the world’s deadliest mushrooms.Hope you enjoy!Linked to the paper we discussed:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15563650.2023.2276674Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we’re diving into novel nitazene metabolites in post-mortem toxicology.We discuss findings from our own paper identifying metabolites of protonitazene in post-mortem casework, and highlight the variability in metabolites identified and what this might mean for identifying nitazene exposure. We also examine a post-mortem case report on 5-amino and 5-acetamido metonitazene which discusses if their presence may be the result of metabolism or instability within the sample.Join us as we unpack the complexity of interpreting nitazenes in the post-mortem setting.Hope you enjoy!Links to the papers we discussed:https://academic.oup.com/jat/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/jat/bkaf042/8128869https://academic.oup.com/jat/article-abstract/48/9/691/7747396?login=falsehttps://academic.oup.com/jat/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/jat/bkaf070/8203075?redirectedFrom=fulltextDisclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

In this week's episode, we’re exploring the role of AI in toxicology. From large language models supporting drug identification to machine learning tools navigating the vast datasets produced by high-resolution mass spectrometry, we look at how artificial intelligence could be integrated into toxicological workflows.We also discuss the limitations — including bias in training data, challenges with messy or incomplete datasets, and the importance of expert oversight in clinical and forensic applications.Join us as we unpack the promise and pitfalls of AI in the evolving world of toxicology.Hope you enjoy!Link to the letter we discussed: https://academic.oup.com/jat/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/jat/bkaf036/8123742?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=falseDisclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we're diving into the world of α2 adrenergic receptor agonists. We explore how xylazine, when combined with heroin, can both potentiate drug-seeking behaviour after abstinence and attenuate heroin consumption and motivation during use.We also review a study investigating naloxone and atipamezole as potential treatments for fentanyl–xylazine toxicity and examine two forensic case studies detailing tizanidine and medetomidine concentrations to support interpretation in toxicology casework.Join us as we unpack the clinical, toxicological, and forensic implications of this increasingly encountered drug class.Note: In this episode, we mentioned tizanidine acting on imidazole receptors (26:58) when we meant imidazoline receptors!Hope you enjoy!Links to papers we discussed:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0091305725000991https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/29947448.2025.2493044https://academic.oup.com/jat/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/jat/bkaf056/8165439?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=falsehttps://academic.oup.com/jat/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/jat/bkaf040/8127063?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=falseDisclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week, we’re talking about the toxic combination of cocaine and alcohol. We explore the formation of cocaethylene, and the role both cocaine and cocaethylene play in arrhythmias and other cardiac complications. We also examine potential mechanisms of liver injury linked to cocaine use—and how alcohol may amplify this effect.Join us as we break down the pharmacology and clinical consequences of this high-risk pairing.Hope you enjoy!Links to the papers we discussed:https://academic.oup.com/jat/article-abstract/43/3/155/5363995?redirectedFrom=fulltexthttps://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/5/1475https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10565-024-09901-5Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week on The Tox Lab, we're taking a closer look at tianeptine—a drug originally developed as an antidepressant, but now making headlines as “gas station heroin” due to its opioid-like effects and increasing misuse across the U.S.We explore a compelling clinical case of high-dose tianeptine withdrawal, examine national poison control data highlighting common symptoms and severity of presentations, and discuss a recent outbreak in New Jersey involving cases of acute toxicity linked to contaminated tianeptine products.Tune in as we break down the pharmacology, patterns of harm, and public health concerns surrounding this emerging substance.Hope you enjoy!Links to the papers we discussed:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11254389/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13181-024-01053-6https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11933608/Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

Why is chocolate dangerous for dogs? What makes lilies so toxic to cats? In this episode of The Tox Lab, we explore the fascinating (and sometimes surprising) toxicology of common substances that can harm our pets.From household foods to ornamental plants, we break down the mechanisms behind these poisons, species-specific sensitivities, and what clinicians, pet owners, and toxicologists need to know when it comes to animal exposures.Join us as we unpack the science behind pet poisoning cases and why everyday items might not be so harmless to our furry companions.Hope you enjoy!Disclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

This week, we dive into the European Drug Report 2025, breaking down the latest data on drug trends across Europe.From rising cocaine detections and shifting cannabis use patterns to ongoing concerns around heroin, MDMA, synthetic stimulants, and the growing presence of novel psychoactive substances — we explore the substances making headlines and what they mean for toxicologists, clinicians, and policymakers.Join us as we unpack the key findings, highlight what’s new (and what’s not), and examine the wider implications for public health and toxicology.Hope you enjoy!Read the full EUDA 2025 report here: https://www.euda.europa.eu/publications/european-drug-report/2025_enDisclaimer: All opinions are our own.Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

In this episode, we dive deep into the world of methamphetamine enantiomers—those chemically identical but biologically distinct mirror-image molecules. We examine a paper that looks at the suitability of the 20% D-methamphetamine cutoff used to indicate illicit methamphetamine use in the US, and some of the challenges associated with enantiomer testing.We also break down the differential respiratory effects of methamphetamine enantiomers when co-administered with fentanyl—a combination increasingly seen in overdose cases—and what this means for clinical and forensic interpretation. Plus, we take a data-driven look at how these enantiomers are showing up in real-world contexts, from seized drug samples to blood samples of impaired drivers in Iceland.Hope you enjoy!Links to papers we discussed:https://academic.oup.com/jat/article-abstract/36/6/399/791636?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=falsehttps://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11015966/https://academic.oup.com/jat/article-abstract/48/6/456/7675298?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=falseDisclaimer: All opinions are our own. Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

In this week's episode, we explore the growing world of delta-8 THC—how it compares to delta-9 THC, what recent research reveals about its effects when consumed orally, and what those differences might mean for users. We also discuss a pediatric case involving the accidental ingestion of delta-8 THC gummies, highlighting the clinical presentation, management, and the testing challenges that can arise.Hope you enjoy!Links to papers we discussed:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2025.112676https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8594112/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376871625001371?via%3DihubDisclaimer: All opinions are our own. Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]

What started as routine lab work led to one of the most iconic bike rides in scientific history. In this episode, we dive into the story of Albert Hofmann and the accidental discovery of LSD, tracing the events of the first intentional trip—now known as Bicycle Day. We explore LSD’s early promise in psychiatry, its rise as a recreational drug, and the reasons behind its prohibition. Finally, we examine its resurgence in modern research and what the future might hold for this powerful and controversial compound.Hope you enjoy!Link to Albert Hofmann's biography: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://maps.org/images/pdf/books/lsdmyproblemchild.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiro_yKx6yNAxWAVEEAHXSXBH4QFnoFCIABEAE&usg=AOvVaw2cVVcGZ3Mc8B9cfSVi0QThDisclaimer: All opinions are our own. Find us on instagram: @the_tox_labEmail us here: [email protected]